Abolish Abortion essays

Cancel Abortion papers Premature birth is a strategy for a pregnant lady to dispose of the developing baby that lives within her. There are numerous contentions for and against premature birth. A few people say that the mother ought to have a decision to prematurely end her infant, and others state that it isn't right to execute a youngster. Premature birth isn't right. At the point when an infant is prematurely ended, that kid gets no opportunity at life. Fetus removal murders an authentic human that lives within the mother. Dr. Alan Moore from the University of Texas expresses that one out of each twenty pregnancies end in fetus removal. That is five lives out of one hundred that could have been spared if the mother had chosen to allow her youngster to live. Premature birth likewise hurts the mother. Each lady that has a premature birth is twenty-five percent less inclined to get pregnant later on. In the event that, at that point she concludes that she needs to have a kid, it will get more earnestly for her to get pregnant. Fetus removal is additionally making an issue in the emergency clinics. The dead embryos are hard to discard. There are no graves being worked for the hatchlings and the emergency clinic needs to send them off to a lab to have tests run on them for genealogical purposes. This is an expensive and dull procedure for the specialists and the lab professionals. The Pro-Choice supporters that are for premature birth contend that it is a moms option to choose whether the kid should live incredible. They are expressing that if the mother doesn't need a youngster, she should simply have it drained out of her body and discarded like a weeks ago trash. They guarantee that a developing baby isn't a genuine living individual; subsequently, that hatchling ought not get an opportunity at life. Most moms decide to have their children prematurely ended in light of the fact that they dont have the assets to help a youngster. The legislature has given frameworks, for example, government assistance, which gives the mother cash to help the youngster, and they have begun appropriation organizations, which find reasonable guardians for the kid. There ... <!

Soap History Essays - Chemistry, Cleaning, Hygiene, Personal Life

Cleanser History A great many people washed themselves with just a single fundamental thing at that point, water. This, obviously, occurred until the improvement of cleanser in 2800 B.C. The cleanser was found in earth chambers during the removal of antiquated Babylon. There were engravings found on the chambers, which gave us that fats were bubbled with cinders, which was the strategy for making the cleanser as of now. Records have indicated that Egyptians washed normally. There was a clinical report found called The Ebers Papyrus which depicted the joining of creature and vegetable oils with antacid salts to shape cleanser like material. These were utilized for treating skin ailments and washing. At around this time, Moses gave the Israelites explicit laws about close to home neatness. He related tidiness to wellbeing and strict purifying. The early Greeks washed for imaginative reasons. Rather than washing with cleanser, they washed themselves with squares of mud, sand, pumice, and cinders. At that point they blessed themselves with oil and scratched off the oil and soil with a strigil. They washed their garments in the streams without utilizing cleanser. As per an old Roman legend, cleanser got its name from Mount Sapo where creatures were yielded. At the point when it had downpour, the water washed away the creature fat and wood remains down into the mud soil along the Tiber River. Ladies had discovered this mud blend and it made their wash a lot of more clean. Cleanser making was a famous art in Europe by the seventeenth century. Vegetable and creature oils were utilized with remains of plants and scent. More varities of cleanser continuously became accessible for shaving and washing hair, just as washing and washing garments. Italy, Spain, and France were the early focuses of cleanser producing. The English started making cleanser during the twelfth century. The science of the cleanser fabricating remained the equivalent until 1916 when the main manufactured cleanser was created in Germany. Engineered cleansers are non-cleanser washing and cleaning items that are combined. Family unit cleanser items got known in the United States around the 1930s. It is critical to comprehend the essential information on cleanser and cleanser science. Water has a property called surface pressure. In water, other water atoms encompass every particle, except at the surface, other water atoms just on the waterside encompass those atoms. A pressure is made as the surface particles are maneuvered into the waterway. This pressure makes the water dab up by all accounts, which hinders the cleaning procedure. During the cleaning procedure, surface pressure must be decreased so the water can spread and wet surfaces. Synthetics that do this are called surface-dynamic specialists. The surface-dynamic specialists perform numerous significant employments in cleaning. They are ordered by their ionic properties in water. These properties are anionic which implies a negative charge, nonionic which implies no charge, cationic which means having a positive charge, and amphoteric which means having either a positive or negative charge. Cleansers are water-dissolvable sodium or potassium salts of unsaturated fats. The fats and oils utilized in cleanser making are comprised of a one of a kind blend of a few extraordinary triglycerides. In a triglyceride particle, 3 unsaturated fat atoms are joined to one particle of glycerine. Unsaturated fats are the component of fats and oils that are utilized in cleanser. They are powerless acids of two sections, which are a carboxylic corrosive gathering and a hydrocarbon anchor appended to the carboxylic corrosive gathering.

Information Gathering Obu Essay

Each Research Report requires data as the reason for examination. Data sources can be ordered as either essential or optional information. There is no prerequisite for you to gather essential information inside your Research Report; it is entirely adequate to attempt your Research Report utilizing just optional information. The distinction among essential and optional information is distinguished beneath. Essential information is unique information that has been gathered by a scientist by whatever means fitting in the appropriate response of a particular research question. . e. it has been gathered explicitly for the Research Report. Instances of essential information incorporate polls, interviews, email contacts and overviews. On the off chance that you choose to gather essential information as a component of your exploration work, at that point you should state and legitimize the accompanying: ? The information assortment strategies you expect to utilize e. g. polls, interviews. ? Your example size and a diagram of your inspecting methodology. ? The technique you will use to choose your example and the conceivable reaction rate. On the off chance that you plan to gather essential information from staff inside your picked association you should acquire authorization to do this from a senior individual from staff inside the association. You ought to do this as ahead of schedule as conceivable during your Research Report, since in the event that you are denied access to your ideal data sources you may need to reexamine how to meet your undertaking targets and research questions. Optional information is information that has been gathered by others for their own motivations, yet which might be utilized by an analyst for their various purposes. Instances of optional information incorporate reference material, books, CD ROMs and budget summaries. You ought to consistently assess the suitability and importance of optional information sources. Data remembered for web sources may not be solid from a scholastic viewpoint and may not be suitable for use in your Research Report. In the event that you choose to utilize optional information as a component of your exploration work, you should state and legitimize your decision to do as such. Where you utilize distributed optional information you should give exact references utilizing the Harvard Referencing System. This is talked about in more detail in the accompanying segment. You should hold the entirety of the data that you gathered during your venture work until you have gotten official notice of your RAP grade from Oxford Brookes University. This incorporates any poll reactions, duplicates of fiscal reports, separates from diaries, reports, magazines and so forth. Oxford Brookes University may wish to solicit you to give extra proof from your data gathering following the stamping of your Research and Analysis venture.

Essay Samples of Staying on Track for Graduation

Essay Samples of Staying on Track for GraduationEssay samples of staying on track for graduation are one of the most important aspects in the writing process. Some students are afraid of writing essays and afraid to stay on track. Writing is not a task that you should be afraid of; it is an art form that requires creativity and thought. Some students write the wrong things or could not focus on certain subjects.College life is all about goals and what you want out of your studies. One of the best ways to stay on track is by creating and implementing a writing routine. For example, if you want to write an essay about marketing and advertising, do not stop reading about marketing even after lunch time. Go to the library and pick up something related to marketing or read about the current events around you. Although you have an assignment, do not stop reading just because you have an assignment.By doing this, you are not only showing commitment but you are also showing commitment to you rself and your writing. Also, you are committing yourself to writing essays regularly. Reading on the internet, watching television or reading magazines will not help in writing your essays and reports.Keep the quality and pace of your writing in mind. Do not make it difficult to write your essays because it will really stress you out. When writing essays, try to stay with what you know and what you are comfortable with. But if you have no idea on a topic, try to add your knowledge to it and keep writing.Avoid having your mind wander and not finishing your assignments or essays. This is really important as it keeps you focused on your writing. Being off track will definitely give you a bad impression and will keep you from getting accepted into the college of your choice. Moreover, your teachers and professors will surely notice if you are not following up.Furthermore, try to think of topics to write your essays on so that you will be able to write your essays without worrying about how your writing will look like. Some students use many topics when they write essays. This would create a difficulty for them. If you want to write essays for your college requirements, try to stick to one topic.Keep in mind that writing your essays does not mean that you have to keep studying. Most of the students find that they do not understand what they are studying. It is natural since they are doing some general reading during their breaks and then they go back to their daily lives. By keeping yourself busy and having regular exercises, you will be able to stay on track and stay motivated to finish your essays.

Famous Authors - 778 Words

In todays world, many people are losing their sense of what a true, fine piece of literature really is. It is rare to find someone who likes to read for their own pleasure. It is even rarer to find someone who likes to read the classics, such as Shakespearean plays or a prose written by Edgar Allan Poe. Some of the oldest tales have greatly influenced the world as we know it in many ways. A few famous people in history who have made a positive impact on the world of literature are Aesop, Dante Alighieri, and Charles Dickens. Some may say that Aesop is infamous for the life he led over 2000 years ago and mostly for the hundreds of fables that have been attributed to his name since. It is said that he was born into slavery, but was†¦show more content†¦Dantes Inferno is one of the most detailed descriptions of Hell in writing. After surviving all nine circles of Hell, Dante and his guide, Virgil, set off in pursuit of Purgatory. They make it through each layer of Purgatory and are finally met by Beatrice, where she and Dante travel together through the nine spheres of Paradise. With such in depth pieces of work, Dante has inspired and influenced many poets, playwrights, and authors from past to present. The last of these great literary influences is Charles Dickens. A man known for his many tales such as A Tale of Two Cities and Oliver Twist, Dickens has inspired and influenced many writers. He was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Charles had an older brother Frances, known as Fanny, as well as younger siblings Alfred Allen, Letitia Mary, Harriet, and Frederick William. He attended the school of William Giles and was an avid reader of authors such as Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, and Oliver Goldsmith. Dickens’ first book, a collection of stories titled Sketches by Boz was published in 1836. In that same year he became the editor for Bentley’s Miscellany. Most of his novels were first serialised in monthly magazine s starting with Oliver Twist between 1837 and 1839, which was followed by Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop, and Barnaby Rudge. Charles Dickens was considered to be a spokesman for the poor, due to his depictions of the social classes and bringing much awarenessShow MoreRelatedThe Life of the Famous Author Charles Dickens899 Words   |  4 PagesDickens was the first person to make this serialization of novels profitable and was able to expand his audience to include those who could not normally afford such literary works. Within a few years, he was regarded as one of the most successful authors of his time, with approximately one out of every ten people in Victorian England avidly reading and following his writings. In 1836 Dickens also married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of a fellow co-worker at his newspaper. The couple had ten childrenRead MoreRobert Harris s The Ghost 2183 Words   |  9 Pagesarticle , autobiography and various other literary work in which another à ¡uthor recieves full credit. Often these authors are celebrity, politicians or other popular figures who can sell books but cannot write. Autobiographical writing is the written account of one s life which is written by the same person him or herself. On the other hand, Ghostwriting consists of written accounts of another persons life;mostly famous personalities, whose autobiographiies , memoirs or written speeches areRead MoreThe Vanity of Celebrity Fame: Sunset Boulevard and Celebrity Reality Shows2371 Words   |  10 Pageshistory, on the other hand, the chosen text Over the Hilton originated from the complementary SML magazine of Sydney Morning Herald is slightly different. The feature article is mocking of the fact that Paris Hilton is writing a girl guide book. The author purposely degrades Paris intelligence and moral status, highlights the self-indulgent nature and shallowness of mind of the iconic celebrity. The interesting aspect of the feature article is its opposite representation of Paris from the other magazinesRead MoreH. G. Wells was a Famous English Author of Science-fiction Novels1501 Words   |  6 PagesWells, H. G. (1866-1946), was a famous English novelist, historian, science writer, and author of science-fiction stories. Wellss novel Tono-Bungay (1909) best reveals his varied talents. The novel, a story of the dishonest promotion of a patent medicine, contains social criticism tinged with satire. In it, Wells described trips in airplanes and submarines at a time when such journeys seemed like science fiction. Herbert George Wells was born on Sept. 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent (now part of London)Read MoreFamous American Authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathanial Hawthorne554 Words   |  3 Pagesthe late eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth was cosidered the Romantic era in Europe and in America. This movement was a large scale rebellion against the Englightment period ideas where science and logic ruled the literary arts. Authors took several approaches on how to convey to the readers social and metaphysical opinions through the tone in a series of novels published. Tone is apparent in much of the American Romantic era writing including that of Ralph Waldo Emerson, NathanielRead MoreFamous Author in Britain, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was Actually Born in South Africa1900 Words   |  8 PagesFor being one of the most famous authors in British history, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was not even born in England or Europe at all. In fact, J.R.R. Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, which is now a republic of South America. J.R.R. Tolkien was born on January 3, 1982. J.R.R. Tolkien was a very famous writer, poet, and even an English professor who was best known for his works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. When J.R.R. Tolkien was at a young age, thereRead MoreThere have been many famous American authors; some better than others, but do we know who these1000 Words   |  4 Pages There have been many famous American authors; some better than others, but do we know who these people really are? In the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald we saw what he wanted us to see; for instance, a successful career, expensive jewelry and the nice cars. F. Scott Fitzgerald began to write at a young age and he is known for being a brilliant author and with a lavish lifestyle and great success, but his gilded life was often tarnished with alcoholism, overspending, and a sense of failure.Read More James Agee and Walker Evans Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesJames Agee and Walker Evans Fortune Magazine, in July and August of 1936, sent James Agee and Walker Evans to research a story on sharecropping. In the preface of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, Agee describes it as â€Å"a curious piece of work.† They were to produce â€Å"an article on cotton tenantry in the United States, in the form of a photographic and verbal record of the daily living and environment of an average white family of tenant farmers,† (IX). James Agee and Walker Evans set out to writeRead More Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages Let Us Now Praise Famous Men nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Let Us Now Praise Famous Men,† was written by James Agee and Walker Evans. The story is about three white families of tenant farmers in rural Alabama. The photographs in the beginning have no captions or quotations. They are just images of three tenant farming families, their houses, and possessions. â€Å"The photographs are not illustrative. They, and the text, are coequal, mutually independent, and fully collaborative.† (87) The story andRead MoreFuturistic Author, Jules Verne, Got it Right Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesJules Verne was an author ahead of his time. He had many great accomplishments as an author throughout his lifetime. He wrote about adventure, technology, and the future. It was like he was able to predict thing that would eventually be invented in the future (Famous Authors). Jules Verne was a very successful author who wrote about many futuristic things. Jules Verne was an adventurer whose writing seemed to be a little ahead of its time. He was born in1828 and he grew up in Nantes, France. Jules

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr s Speech - 970 Words

What makes Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s speech so important till this day? It’s ability to still move people. Dr. King Jr. was one of the best speakers of his time during the Civil Rights Movement. He wrote many distinguished works, two of them being his I Have a Dream Speech and his letter, Letters from Birmingham. Letters from Birmingham Jail was written from jail after he was shortly arrested for attempting to share his views with clergymen on this racial injustice. Dr. King delivered his I Have a Dream Speech at a crucial Civil Rights rally across from the Washington Memorial. Both times he was trying to send the same message to the American people: Black Americans will no longer allow social injustices. In both works he employs figurative language and appeals. Accordingly, in Letters from Birmingham Jail, Dr. King addresses that the reason he is incarcerated in Birmingham is due to the fact that he was trying to put an end to segregation and finally put an end to t he social injustice going on. His tone was patient and rational. This letter was a response to the clergymen from Alabama who wanted racial segregation. He used this letter as an instrument of freedom, his own freedom from jail as well as freedom for the black Americans. As a black American Dr. King could relate to those suffering from the injustice. He was accused of abusing the law by hosting nonviolence protests in Birmingham; this was deemed as disobedient. He spoke for himself and the other blackShow MoreRelatedKing s Speech By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"I Have a Dream† one of the most popular speeches in history was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., an African American preacher. He directs his speech to two main groups of people. The first group being those listening to the speech, and the second being those who are just around the area where he is delivering his speech. King’s speech is focusing on the civil rights of the African American citizens. He talks about how poorly the other people have treated them. He uses historical documentationRead MoreObservations On The s I Have A Dream Speech By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.881 Words   |  4 Pageshappened 5 years ago, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his I Have a Dream Speech on the Washington Mall 47 years ago, and Mother Teresa was born a century ago. Monday: Katrina; Tuesday: I Have a Dream; Today: Mother Teresa After spending a great deal of time on and devoting a good deal of space to the two previous subjects in this series on recent anniversaries, 2005 s devastating Hurricane Katrina and the world-changing 1963 I Have a Dream speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., I had looked forwardRead MoreAnalysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech619 Words   |  3 Pages28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered one of the most famous speeches of all time to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. In his, â€Å"I have a dream† speech, King addressed his encouragement of white and black people working together to achieve racial peace and harmony. He especially wanted to teach the young blacks that equality could be gained through the use of non-violence. The main reason King used nonviolenceRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech915 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have a Dream speech to the thousands of African Americans who had marched on Washington, D.C. at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. The date of the speech was August 28, 1963, but it is one that will live for generations. Of course his purpose was to convince his audience on several fronts: he sought to persuade the black community to stand up for the rights afforded them under the Constitution, and he also sought to Read MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream Speech1480 Words   |  6 PagesMovement, Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream speech was broadcasted across the nation and heard by millions of Americans on August 28, 1963. Throughout the decades, many have promoted the importance of racial equality in America. Leaders such as William J. Clinton, Barack Obama, and George W. Bush have contributed to modern social movements by, doing as Dr. King himself, giving speeches to varying audiences concerning the issue of racial inequality. Above all, Martin Luther King Jr made the strongestRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested forRead MorePurpose of Education Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesSynthesis Essay: The Purpose of Education Everyday we go to school to receive our education, but what is the purpose of education? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, â€Å"The Purpose of Education† and Frank O’Connor’s short story, â€Å"Christmas Morning,† both discuss what is the purpose of education. The purpose of education is to acknowledge not only one’s intelligence, but also one’s character, provide one with the ability to make decisions and achieve their goals. One of the purposes of educationRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Analysis847 Words   |  4 Pagesfights for her country. In the speech I Have a Dream, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was influencing people to go and protest to get their rights and in the speech A Eulogy for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Robert F. Kennedy influences people to change and do as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The last two people were speaking to influence people. They made a change, they did something and hope something will change. First, the speech I Have a Dream By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He is a famous black rightsRead MoreEssay on The Life of Martin Luther King Jr.1244 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born to Alberta and Martin Luther King. Alberta Williams King was born September 13, 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King, Sr. was born December 19, 1899 in Stockbridge, Georgia. Martins dad was a pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a school teacher. His siblings were Christine King Farris born September 11, 1927, and Alfred Daniel Williams King born July 30, 1930. Martin was the middle child. Martin Luther King

Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction: In a highly competitive world of today, it has become absolutely imperative for any organization to keep an eye over the process in which the business operations are being carried out in the company. In case an organization intends to increase its productivity by increasing employee efficiency, it must ensure that it has the most desirable work environment or proper capacity that can help the organization achieve long-term sustainability. Herein lies the importance of the organizational analysis of a company. A variety of management models are being employed for analyzing an organization and these models help the organization evaluate the effectiveness of the structure, leadership strategy or the employee performance of the organization. Burrell and Morgan is a sociological model that is very effective in determining the trajectory of an organization, and making necessary recommendations if necessary. Marks and Spencer (MS) is one of the most recognized British multinational organiza tions situated all over the world. The M S Singapore provides high quality fashion items and stylish home-ware that has helped it to achieve huge recognition among the Singaporeans as well. However, despite the huge recognition the organization has achieved, it should be noted that the organization is not free from competitors at Singapore as well. In fact, Group P.L.C and Next P.L.C are the names of some of the most eminent competitors of the organization in Singapore. Hence, it has been observed that if the organization intends to sustain itself in future, it must consider restructuring its structure, and re-formulating its leadership strategies. Hence, the organizational analysis of M S using the Burrell and Morgan model is highly important. Thus, the present task intends to discuss and explain the Burrell and Morgan model, and next aims to analyze the effectiveness of the organizational strategy, adopted by Marks and Spencer (Hassard Cox, 2013). Definition and Explanation of the Burrell and Morgan Model: The Burrell and Morgan model is actually a model, created and developed by Burrell and Morgan for explaining and classifying the sociological theories. Although this is a sociological paradigm itself, the theory has wide application over a variety of organizational theories. The particular model focuses on the four important aspects of the organization, which are being explained below: The model is being used for explaining the four important perspectives- Radical Humanist perspective, Functionalist perspective, Radical Structuralism perspective and the Interpretive perspective. The radical humanist perspective talks of a highly autocratic work environment, where the employees are being marginalized, and are not being sufficient freedom in ventilating their personal opinions. Again, the functionalist perspective analyzes the goals of the organization in the light of the shared civic values, while the radical structuralism perspective focuses on the importance of the organizational intervention in management decisions. Last but not the least, the interpretive perspective intends to analyze the present situation in the light of certain theories (Cronje, 2013). Functionalist Paradigm: Here, Marks and Spencer Singapore, is being considered, and the organization is being considered in the light of the Burrell and Morgan model. The functionalist paradigm is being adopted, as it is being observed that the management authority of M S Singapore follows an autocratic leadership style, wherein the employees are being prevented from reaching their full potential. As a result of excessive intervention on part of the authority, the employees are unable to retain their motivation, and express and utilize their innovative ideas, necessary for helping the company achieve organizational success (Powel DiMaggio, 2013). This paradigm intends to recommend radical change in terms of the organizational structure and culture, followed at Marks and Spencer. The Functionalist paradigm intends to explain the organizational issues of the selected company in the light of the pragmatic ideas of sociological positivism. Hence, the organizational behavior of the company will be done, with t he help of hypothesis testing. Background of the Organizational Structure and Culture Followed at M S (Singapore): M S follows a very poor and ineffective organizational structure. Moreover, the organizational culture is also not suitable, as it does not provide sufficient motivation to the employees working under the organization. Since the year of 2000, the organization in Singapore has been in the news for the fall in profit as well as the sales. The organizational structure of a company refers to the way the authority arranges and divides the work among its employees, so as to help in the accomplishment of the important goals and objectives. M S follows the traditional bureaucratic organizational structure that divides the organizational jobs according to the employees areas of specialization, such as sales and operation, logistics, Marketing and accounting (Brokaw et al., 2012). Since the functionalist paradigm is being adopted, it has been observed that the organizational values, and culture are highly responsible for the condition of the organization in the recent times. However, the deg ree to which the authority is distributed among the employees is very high. It should be noted that in case of a bureaucratic organizational structure, and an autocratic culture, the managerial head is required to regularly monitor and supervise the activities and performance of the employees, working in different departmental sections of the company. However, in case of M S, given the huge span of control required to monitor the activities of the innumerable number of functional departments, the managing authority fails to review and evaluate the quality of the employee performance (Gypteau et al., 2015). It should be noted that the centralization of power and authority tends to present innumerable disadvantages to the organization. One major disadvantage confronting the M S Singapore is that the pyramidal structure of management is not desirable for a large organization. The decision-making capacity as well as the managerial duties is confined in the hands of the President, who acts as the executive, in the company, and hence he fails to assess and evaluate the quality of the performance of the employees (Ashkenas et al., 2014). Besides, the President of the organization fails to visit the organization during regular periodical intervals, and communicate the strategies or changes to the employees. As a result, there is a wide gap of communication that has been developing among the employees and the higher management of the organization. The functional organizational structure followed by M S Singapore, is being explained below: As it is evident from the above diagram, the organizational structure followed at M S limits the power, control and authority to a single individual, who fails to pay, heed to each aspect of the organization (Pettigrew et al., 2014). The employees working at M S Singapore under the Marketing team claimed that they fail to express creativity, as they are expected to comply with the norms of the organization. As a result of the functionalist paradigm, it has been observed that the strictly hierarchical structure of the organization does not allow liberty and autonomy to the employees, working in the organization. Though a strong hierarchical structure is very organized, it does not necessarily have a positive impact on the minds of the employees. Due to the lack of effective communication, the employees fail to understand the organizational requirements, and hence the Human Resource team fails to introduce necessary changes in the organization. Besides, research studies suggest that the HR department itself has to comply with the legal and regulatory framework of the organization, as drafted by the top layer of the management of the organization (OReilly Tushman, 2013). It is recommended that the organization creates a large, interdisciplinary group, and distributes the power among the managers of each departmental section. This will enable effective communication of business plans and sm ooth operation of the business activities. Besides, the organization must replace its autocratic leadership style with the participative and flexible leadership style. A proper sense of collaboration and employee co-operation is absolutely needed, which is apparently missing at M S. It has been observed that due to the lack of proper communication, the organization, at recent times, has failed to conduct great business in Singapore, and hence the rate of profit has been going down. Excessive intervention at workplace also leaves the employees discontent and de-motivated, that leads to high turnover rates and low retention capacity. Hence, the organization should adopt a highly participative style of leadership and organizational management, so that the employees can also enjoy the power to communicate their innovative ideas, and contribute to the well-being of the organization (Goetch Davis, 2014). Besides, the organization must adopt the divisional organizational structure, as it is the most suitable structure for any large scale organization. The organization should confine the power of management authority to each sectional manager, so that there can be an equal division of power (Daft, 2012). The proposed organizational structure can be explained with the help of the diagram given below: The line organizational structure is the most desirable organizational structure meant for M S Singapore. The structure can help in simplifying and clarifying the authority as well as the job roles assigned to each employee, and also assists in promoting fast and efficient decision-making system (Cummings Worley, 2014). Background of the Organizational Culture Followed at M S: The organizational culture of M S should also be considered. The organizational culture is defined as the system of shared values, ideologies and beliefs followed by the employees of an organization. The culture at workplace is highly important as it determines the nature of relation of the employees among themselves, or the way in which the employees behave with the colleagues (McShaneGlinow, 2015). Marks and Spencer is in itself a reputed brand, and hence it must ensure that the organizational culture adopted by the company communicates the right message to the employees. Besides, there is no point denying the fact that the organizational culture of the company also helps in promoting healthy relation among the employees. The organizational culture can be of various kinds, such as the pragmatic organizational culture, academy culture, baseball team culture, club culture and fortress culture. However, M S follows a normative organizational culture, whereby the organization has a p redefined set of rules that the organization intends to follow (Lee et al., 2012). The employees working at M S are expected to follow the norms and the workplace guidelines, and to conform to the prescribed code of business and policies of the organization. As a result, the employees are unable to enjoy a sense of flexibility, and autonomy within the organization. The strict normative control within the organization is undesirable as it robs the employees of autonomy (Weaver et al., 2013). Though the organizational culture is strong, and imposes strict rules on the employees, the employee productivity is affected in a negative way. Since, there exists a structurally direct and inextricable relation between employee productivity and organizational culture, the performance of the employees gets affected. However, inequality or hierarchy is seen as an important part of any society, or an organization, the hierarchical structure and the normative organizational culture is being apprec iated in the organization. Besides, the organizations belief and business ideology can be summarized in the following way: Providing excellent service to each single client To strive for excellence Respect for each individual employee (Rowlinson et al., 2013) As it is evident, the organizational culture of M S primarily focuses on the benefits and well-being of the employees. However, it is recommended that the organization adopts a more employee centric culture. The organization has been overlooking the demand of its employees for salary hike and flexible work schedule. There is a lack of control and co-ordination between the management authority of the organization, and the employees working under it. The business activities of the organization are mainly operated under the control and guidance of the CEO of Steve Rowe, who fails to regularly supervise and monitor the Market performance of the company in the different outlets at Singapore (Ainsworth et al., 2015). Hence, this acts as a source of trouble. The promotional strategy adopted by Rowe, while launching the products in the Western countries, does not always prove best for the Singaporean Market. The consumers as well as the consumption behavior of the consumers largely differ a cross borders, and hence the organizational strategy chosen by Rowe is not always being accepted by the employees. This leads to organizational conflict and workplace clash, that affect the performance of the employees, and de-motivates them as well. The CEO of the organization does not reside in Singapore, and hence he fails to stay connected with the employees. As a result, there is a lack of acceptability among the employees, who often find the managerial skills questionable. It is recommended that the organization follows any one of the given alternatives: The organization should vest the management power of the Singaporean outlets, on a business manager who is a resident of Singapore The organization divides the business activities into various sections, whereby a divisional manger is being chosen for supervising and controlling the business activities o each section (Weaver et al., 2013). By following either of the two alternatives, M S Singapore, will be able to introduce a role organizational culture. In case of the role organizational culture, the structure is well-defined and the business operations are highly predictable. As a result, the manager of the organization will not impose rapid decisions and autocratic control on the employees. Another problem observed in the organizational culture of M S Singapore, is that the leaders of the organization follow an autocratic style of leadership, whereby the employees do not enjoy flexibility and autonomy in the decision making process (Senge, 2014). Yet it should be noted that the company could have still excelled in its operational activities, if it could organize regular meetings and interactive sessions, that could help the higher authority communicate the business strategies to the employees. In this case, the productivity rate of the efficiency rate of the employees are remaining the same, and yet lack of managerial control or insufficient knowledge about the organizational goals, are not letting the employees reach full potential. In order to improve the workplace culture, M S Singapore is required to ensure effective communication between the higher and the lower management level (Gyptaeu et al., 2015). Either the employees should be offered minimal right to parti cipate in the decision-making capacity, or the top level managers should interact with the employees at periodical intervals. As it has already been mentioned above, the organization is required to frame its culture keeping into consideration, the needs and expectations of the employees. The organizational culture should move from being consumer-centric to employee-centric. The employees, regarded as the human resources of the organization must be valued as much as the financial resources. Hence, the important attributes, such as employee integrity and fairness, learning opportunities, accountability, communication, and purpose, decision-making skills are some of the important attributes that must be incorporated by the organization in its organizational culture. In a highly normative organizational culture, M S needs to continually motivate its employees. However, the employees feel de-motivated and deprived of enjoying basic rights of taking managerial decisions within the organization. Excessive managerial intervention hampers the creative and innovative approach of the organization at Singapore. The promotional and Marketing team consists of Marketing managers, belonging to Singapore only, and hence the Marketing managers of Singapore can be provided with the opportunity of selecting the most effective promotional strategy. Although the organization recruits as much as 250 University graduates in UK, the number of Singaporean employees working in the M S outlet is indeed quite low. Consequently, the limited number of Singaporean employees often encounters issues of cultural diversity, as well as cross cultural communication problems. However, the management authority does not try to develop the intercultural competence of the existent e mployees, by offering sufficient training programs. The social and interpersonal relation of the employees must be improved to enable smooth connection between the logistics and operation department and the sales department. The organization however places too much emphasis on improving and enhancing the soft skills and the personality of the employees. The organization has been overlooking the problem of co-ordination that exists among the employees working in different sectional departments of the organization (Kacker, 2015). M S has been focusing too much on the tasks or the business deals, and have been dismissing the importance of developing personal relation of the employees. Recommendations: It is evident from the recent research reports that M S, Singapore is gradually losing its edge, and hence it will face great difficulty in sustaining itself in future, if it does not adopt any effective step. As the above organizational analysis has been done considering the functionalist paradigm, a radical change in the structure and the culture of the organization is being suggested. First of all, the organization, instead of vesting all the power and authority on the CEO and the managerial heads, must create a hierarchical structure, clearly defining the power and the authority of each employee. More importantly, the accountability as well as the role of each functionary must be explicitly stated. The organization must hire sectional managers, who will be holding regular meetings and interactive sessions, for communicating the immediate plans and strategies of the organization (Frederick, 2013). Besides, a more flexible work environment is required whereby each employee or at l east each sectional head can chalk out and implement his own business plan, for the respective department. Too much dependence on the higher authority slows down the decision making and strategy implementation process. Although a proper span of control is indeed required, yet it is advisable that M S Spencer allows proper flexibility and autonomy to the employees. As far as the organizational culture is concerned, the autocratic leadership style should be replaced by the participative leadership style, as it will motivate the employees to participate and involve in the decision-making process more actively. Besides, no organization can build a coherent culture unless the people are willing to embrace the inherent values of the organization. Hence, it is advised that the organization arranges workshops and seminars that can promote a sense of belonging and co-operation among the employees of M S (Retna Jones, 2013). Conclusion: M S Singapore has been doing well even in the recent past. 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