Abolish Abortion essays

Cancel Abortion papers Premature birth is a strategy for a pregnant lady to dispose of the developing baby that lives within her. There are numerous contentions for and against premature birth. A few people say that the mother ought to have a decision to prematurely end her infant, and others state that it isn't right to execute a youngster. Premature birth isn't right. At the point when an infant is prematurely ended, that kid gets no opportunity at life. Fetus removal murders an authentic human that lives within the mother. Dr. Alan Moore from the University of Texas expresses that one out of each twenty pregnancies end in fetus removal. That is five lives out of one hundred that could have been spared if the mother had chosen to allow her youngster to live. Premature birth likewise hurts the mother. Each lady that has a premature birth is twenty-five percent less inclined to get pregnant later on. In the event that, at that point she concludes that she needs to have a kid, it will get more earnestly for her to get pregnant. Fetus removal is additionally making an issue in the emergency clinics. The dead embryos are hard to discard. There are no graves being worked for the hatchlings and the emergency clinic needs to send them off to a lab to have tests run on them for genealogical purposes. This is an expensive and dull procedure for the specialists and the lab professionals. The Pro-Choice supporters that are for premature birth contend that it is a moms option to choose whether the kid should live incredible. They are expressing that if the mother doesn't need a youngster, she should simply have it drained out of her body and discarded like a weeks ago trash. They guarantee that a developing baby isn't a genuine living individual; subsequently, that hatchling ought not get an opportunity at life. Most moms decide to have their children prematurely ended in light of the fact that they dont have the assets to help a youngster. The legislature has given frameworks, for example, government assistance, which gives the mother cash to help the youngster, and they have begun appropriation organizations, which find reasonable guardians for the kid. There ... <!

Soap History Essays - Chemistry, Cleaning, Hygiene, Personal Life

Cleanser History A great many people washed themselves with just a single fundamental thing at that point, water. This, obviously, occurred until the improvement of cleanser in 2800 B.C. The cleanser was found in earth chambers during the removal of antiquated Babylon. There were engravings found on the chambers, which gave us that fats were bubbled with cinders, which was the strategy for making the cleanser as of now. Records have indicated that Egyptians washed normally. There was a clinical report found called The Ebers Papyrus which depicted the joining of creature and vegetable oils with antacid salts to shape cleanser like material. These were utilized for treating skin ailments and washing. At around this time, Moses gave the Israelites explicit laws about close to home neatness. He related tidiness to wellbeing and strict purifying. The early Greeks washed for imaginative reasons. Rather than washing with cleanser, they washed themselves with squares of mud, sand, pumice, and cinders. At that point they blessed themselves with oil and scratched off the oil and soil with a strigil. They washed their garments in the streams without utilizing cleanser. As per an old Roman legend, cleanser got its name from Mount Sapo where creatures were yielded. At the point when it had downpour, the water washed away the creature fat and wood remains down into the mud soil along the Tiber River. Ladies had discovered this mud blend and it made their wash a lot of more clean. Cleanser making was a famous art in Europe by the seventeenth century. Vegetable and creature oils were utilized with remains of plants and scent. More varities of cleanser continuously became accessible for shaving and washing hair, just as washing and washing garments. Italy, Spain, and France were the early focuses of cleanser producing. The English started making cleanser during the twelfth century. The science of the cleanser fabricating remained the equivalent until 1916 when the main manufactured cleanser was created in Germany. Engineered cleansers are non-cleanser washing and cleaning items that are combined. Family unit cleanser items got known in the United States around the 1930s. It is critical to comprehend the essential information on cleanser and cleanser science. Water has a property called surface pressure. In water, other water atoms encompass every particle, except at the surface, other water atoms just on the waterside encompass those atoms. A pressure is made as the surface particles are maneuvered into the waterway. This pressure makes the water dab up by all accounts, which hinders the cleaning procedure. During the cleaning procedure, surface pressure must be decreased so the water can spread and wet surfaces. Synthetics that do this are called surface-dynamic specialists. The surface-dynamic specialists perform numerous significant employments in cleaning. They are ordered by their ionic properties in water. These properties are anionic which implies a negative charge, nonionic which implies no charge, cationic which means having a positive charge, and amphoteric which means having either a positive or negative charge. Cleansers are water-dissolvable sodium or potassium salts of unsaturated fats. The fats and oils utilized in cleanser making are comprised of a one of a kind blend of a few extraordinary triglycerides. In a triglyceride particle, 3 unsaturated fat atoms are joined to one particle of glycerine. Unsaturated fats are the component of fats and oils that are utilized in cleanser. They are powerless acids of two sections, which are a carboxylic corrosive gathering and a hydrocarbon anchor appended to the carboxylic corrosive gathering.

Information Gathering Obu Essay

Each Research Report requires data as the reason for examination. Data sources can be ordered as either essential or optional information. There is no prerequisite for you to gather essential information inside your Research Report; it is entirely adequate to attempt your Research Report utilizing just optional information. The distinction among essential and optional information is distinguished beneath. Essential information is unique information that has been gathered by a scientist by whatever means fitting in the appropriate response of a particular research question. . e. it has been gathered explicitly for the Research Report. Instances of essential information incorporate polls, interviews, email contacts and overviews. On the off chance that you choose to gather essential information as a component of your exploration work, at that point you should state and legitimize the accompanying: ? The information assortment strategies you expect to utilize e. g. polls, interviews. ? Your example size and a diagram of your inspecting methodology. ? The technique you will use to choose your example and the conceivable reaction rate. On the off chance that you plan to gather essential information from staff inside your picked association you should acquire authorization to do this from a senior individual from staff inside the association. You ought to do this as ahead of schedule as conceivable during your Research Report, since in the event that you are denied access to your ideal data sources you may need to reexamine how to meet your undertaking targets and research questions. Optional information is information that has been gathered by others for their own motivations, yet which might be utilized by an analyst for their various purposes. Instances of optional information incorporate reference material, books, CD ROMs and budget summaries. You ought to consistently assess the suitability and importance of optional information sources. Data remembered for web sources may not be solid from a scholastic viewpoint and may not be suitable for use in your Research Report. In the event that you choose to utilize optional information as a component of your exploration work, you should state and legitimize your decision to do as such. Where you utilize distributed optional information you should give exact references utilizing the Harvard Referencing System. This is talked about in more detail in the accompanying segment. You should hold the entirety of the data that you gathered during your venture work until you have gotten official notice of your RAP grade from Oxford Brookes University. This incorporates any poll reactions, duplicates of fiscal reports, separates from diaries, reports, magazines and so forth. Oxford Brookes University may wish to solicit you to give extra proof from your data gathering following the stamping of your Research and Analysis venture.

Essay Samples of Staying on Track for Graduation

Essay Samples of Staying on Track for GraduationEssay samples of staying on track for graduation are one of the most important aspects in the writing process. Some students are afraid of writing essays and afraid to stay on track. Writing is not a task that you should be afraid of; it is an art form that requires creativity and thought. Some students write the wrong things or could not focus on certain subjects.College life is all about goals and what you want out of your studies. One of the best ways to stay on track is by creating and implementing a writing routine. For example, if you want to write an essay about marketing and advertising, do not stop reading about marketing even after lunch time. Go to the library and pick up something related to marketing or read about the current events around you. Although you have an assignment, do not stop reading just because you have an assignment.By doing this, you are not only showing commitment but you are also showing commitment to you rself and your writing. Also, you are committing yourself to writing essays regularly. Reading on the internet, watching television or reading magazines will not help in writing your essays and reports.Keep the quality and pace of your writing in mind. Do not make it difficult to write your essays because it will really stress you out. When writing essays, try to stay with what you know and what you are comfortable with. But if you have no idea on a topic, try to add your knowledge to it and keep writing.Avoid having your mind wander and not finishing your assignments or essays. This is really important as it keeps you focused on your writing. Being off track will definitely give you a bad impression and will keep you from getting accepted into the college of your choice. Moreover, your teachers and professors will surely notice if you are not following up.Furthermore, try to think of topics to write your essays on so that you will be able to write your essays without worrying about how your writing will look like. Some students use many topics when they write essays. This would create a difficulty for them. If you want to write essays for your college requirements, try to stick to one topic.Keep in mind that writing your essays does not mean that you have to keep studying. Most of the students find that they do not understand what they are studying. It is natural since they are doing some general reading during their breaks and then they go back to their daily lives. By keeping yourself busy and having regular exercises, you will be able to stay on track and stay motivated to finish your essays.

Famous Authors - 778 Words

In todays world, many people are losing their sense of what a true, fine piece of literature really is. It is rare to find someone who likes to read for their own pleasure. It is even rarer to find someone who likes to read the classics, such as Shakespearean plays or a prose written by Edgar Allan Poe. Some of the oldest tales have greatly influenced the world as we know it in many ways. A few famous people in history who have made a positive impact on the world of literature are Aesop, Dante Alighieri, and Charles Dickens. Some may say that Aesop is infamous for the life he led over 2000 years ago and mostly for the hundreds of fables that have been attributed to his name since. It is said that he was born into slavery, but was†¦show more content†¦Dantes Inferno is one of the most detailed descriptions of Hell in writing. After surviving all nine circles of Hell, Dante and his guide, Virgil, set off in pursuit of Purgatory. They make it through each layer of Purgatory and are finally met by Beatrice, where she and Dante travel together through the nine spheres of Paradise. With such in depth pieces of work, Dante has inspired and influenced many poets, playwrights, and authors from past to present. The last of these great literary influences is Charles Dickens. A man known for his many tales such as A Tale of Two Cities and Oliver Twist, Dickens has inspired and influenced many writers. He was born on February 7, 1812 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. Charles had an older brother Frances, known as Fanny, as well as younger siblings Alfred Allen, Letitia Mary, Harriet, and Frederick William. He attended the school of William Giles and was an avid reader of authors such as Henry Fielding, Daniel Defoe, and Oliver Goldsmith. Dickens’ first book, a collection of stories titled Sketches by Boz was published in 1836. In that same year he became the editor for Bentley’s Miscellany. Most of his novels were first serialised in monthly magazine s starting with Oliver Twist between 1837 and 1839, which was followed by Nicholas Nickleby, The Old Curiosity Shop, and Barnaby Rudge. Charles Dickens was considered to be a spokesman for the poor, due to his depictions of the social classes and bringing much awarenessShow MoreRelatedThe Life of the Famous Author Charles Dickens899 Words   |  4 PagesDickens was the first person to make this serialization of novels profitable and was able to expand his audience to include those who could not normally afford such literary works. Within a few years, he was regarded as one of the most successful authors of his time, with approximately one out of every ten people in Victorian England avidly reading and following his writings. In 1836 Dickens also married Catherine Hogarth, the daughter of a fellow co-worker at his newspaper. The couple had ten childrenRead MoreRobert Harris s The Ghost 2183 Words   |  9 Pagesarticle , autobiography and various other literary work in which another à ¡uthor recieves full credit. Often these authors are celebrity, politicians or other popular figures who can sell books but cannot write. Autobiographical writing is the written account of one s life which is written by the same person him or herself. On the other hand, Ghostwriting consists of written accounts of another persons life;mostly famous personalities, whose autobiographiies , memoirs or written speeches areRead MoreThe Vanity of Celebrity Fame: Sunset Boulevard and Celebrity Reality Shows2371 Words   |  10 Pageshistory, on the other hand, the chosen text Over the Hilton originated from the complementary SML magazine of Sydney Morning Herald is slightly different. The feature article is mocking of the fact that Paris Hilton is writing a girl guide book. The author purposely degrades Paris intelligence and moral status, highlights the self-indulgent nature and shallowness of mind of the iconic celebrity. The interesting aspect of the feature article is its opposite representation of Paris from the other magazinesRead MoreH. G. Wells was a Famous English Author of Science-fiction Novels1501 Words   |  6 PagesWells, H. G. (1866-1946), was a famous English novelist, historian, science writer, and author of science-fiction stories. Wellss novel Tono-Bungay (1909) best reveals his varied talents. The novel, a story of the dishonest promotion of a patent medicine, contains social criticism tinged with satire. In it, Wells described trips in airplanes and submarines at a time when such journeys seemed like science fiction. Herbert George Wells was born on Sept. 21, 1866, in Bromley, Kent (now part of London)Read MoreFamous American Authors: Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathanial Hawthorne554 Words   |  3 Pagesthe late eighteenth century and beginning of the nineteenth was cosidered the Romantic era in Europe and in America. This movement was a large scale rebellion against the Englightment period ideas where science and logic ruled the literary arts. Authors took several approaches on how to convey to the readers social and metaphysical opinions through the tone in a series of novels published. Tone is apparent in much of the American Romantic era writing including that of Ralph Waldo Emerson, NathanielRead MoreFamous Author in Britain, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was Actually Born in South Africa1900 Words   |  8 PagesFor being one of the most famous authors in British history, John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was not even born in England or Europe at all. In fact, J.R.R. Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, Orange Free State, which is now a republic of South America. J.R.R. Tolkien was born on January 3, 1982. J.R.R. Tolkien was a very famous writer, poet, and even an English professor who was best known for his works The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, and The Silmarillion. When J.R.R. Tolkien was at a young age, thereRead MoreThere have been many famous American authors; some better than others, but do we know who these1000 Words   |  4 Pages There have been many famous American authors; some better than others, but do we know who these people really are? In the case of F. Scott Fitzgerald we saw what he wanted us to see; for instance, a successful career, expensive jewelry and the nice cars. F. Scott Fitzgerald began to write at a young age and he is known for being a brilliant author and with a lavish lifestyle and great success, but his gilded life was often tarnished with alcoholism, overspending, and a sense of failure.Read More James Agee and Walker Evans Essay1390 Words   |  6 PagesJames Agee and Walker Evans Fortune Magazine, in July and August of 1936, sent James Agee and Walker Evans to research a story on sharecropping. In the preface of Let Us Now Praise Famous Men, Agee describes it as â€Å"a curious piece of work.† They were to produce â€Å"an article on cotton tenantry in the United States, in the form of a photographic and verbal record of the daily living and environment of an average white family of tenant farmers,† (IX). James Agee and Walker Evans set out to writeRead More Let Us Now Praise Famous Men Essay1136 Words   |  5 Pages Let Us Now Praise Famous Men nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;â€Å"Let Us Now Praise Famous Men,† was written by James Agee and Walker Evans. The story is about three white families of tenant farmers in rural Alabama. The photographs in the beginning have no captions or quotations. They are just images of three tenant farming families, their houses, and possessions. â€Å"The photographs are not illustrative. They, and the text, are coequal, mutually independent, and fully collaborative.† (87) The story andRead MoreFuturistic Author, Jules Verne, Got it Right Essay822 Words   |  4 PagesJules Verne was an author ahead of his time. He had many great accomplishments as an author throughout his lifetime. He wrote about adventure, technology, and the future. It was like he was able to predict thing that would eventually be invented in the future (Famous Authors). Jules Verne was a very successful author who wrote about many futuristic things. Jules Verne was an adventurer whose writing seemed to be a little ahead of its time. He was born in1828 and he grew up in Nantes, France. Jules

Dr. Martin Luther King Jr s Speech - 970 Words

What makes Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s speech so important till this day? It’s ability to still move people. Dr. King Jr. was one of the best speakers of his time during the Civil Rights Movement. He wrote many distinguished works, two of them being his I Have a Dream Speech and his letter, Letters from Birmingham. Letters from Birmingham Jail was written from jail after he was shortly arrested for attempting to share his views with clergymen on this racial injustice. Dr. King delivered his I Have a Dream Speech at a crucial Civil Rights rally across from the Washington Memorial. Both times he was trying to send the same message to the American people: Black Americans will no longer allow social injustices. In both works he employs figurative language and appeals. Accordingly, in Letters from Birmingham Jail, Dr. King addresses that the reason he is incarcerated in Birmingham is due to the fact that he was trying to put an end to segregation and finally put an end to t he social injustice going on. His tone was patient and rational. This letter was a response to the clergymen from Alabama who wanted racial segregation. He used this letter as an instrument of freedom, his own freedom from jail as well as freedom for the black Americans. As a black American Dr. King could relate to those suffering from the injustice. He was accused of abusing the law by hosting nonviolence protests in Birmingham; this was deemed as disobedient. He spoke for himself and the other blackShow MoreRelatedKing s Speech By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.999 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"I Have a Dream† one of the most popular speeches in history was written by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., an African American preacher. He directs his speech to two main groups of people. The first group being those listening to the speech, and the second being those who are just around the area where he is delivering his speech. King’s speech is focusing on the civil rights of the African American citizens. He talks about how poorly the other people have treated them. He uses historical documentationRead MoreObservations On The s I Have A Dream Speech By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.881 Words   |  4 Pageshappened 5 years ago, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered his I Have a Dream Speech on the Washington Mall 47 years ago, and Mother Teresa was born a century ago. Monday: Katrina; Tuesday: I Have a Dream; Today: Mother Teresa After spending a great deal of time on and devoting a good deal of space to the two previous subjects in this series on recent anniversaries, 2005 s devastating Hurricane Katrina and the world-changing 1963 I Have a Dream speech by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., I had looked forwardRead MoreAnalysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech619 Words   |  3 Pages28, 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered one of the most famous speeches of all time to an audience of more than 200,000 civil rights supporters on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. In his, â€Å"I have a dream† speech, King addressed his encouragement of white and black people working together to achieve racial peace and harmony. He especially wanted to teach the young blacks that equality could be gained through the use of non-violence. The main reason King used nonviolenceRead Moreâ€Å"a Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’S ‘I Have a Dream’ Speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†.1444 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A Comparison of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s ‘I Have a Dream’ speech and ‘Letter from a Birmingham Jail’†. 9% Similarity Born in Atlanta Georgia in 1929, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., conceivably lived as one of the greatest social and religious leaders in a country where a group of its citizens had to endure excruciating conditions of disenfranchisement, inferiority and degradation of a second class citizenship by reasons of race, color or origin. In effort to condemn allRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.s I Have A Dream Speech915 Words   |  4 Pages Dr. Martin Luther King delivered his I Have a Dream speech to the thousands of African Americans who had marched on Washington, D.C. at the height of the Civil Rights Movement. The date of the speech was August 28, 1963, but it is one that will live for generations. Of course his purpose was to convince his audience on several fronts: he sought to persuade the black community to stand up for the rights afforded them under the Constitution, and he also sought to Read MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream Speech1480 Words   |  6 PagesMovement, Martin Luther King Jr s I Have A Dream speech was broadcasted across the nation and heard by millions of Americans on August 28, 1963. Throughout the decades, many have promoted the importance of racial equality in America. Leaders such as William J. Clinton, Barack Obama, and George W. Bush have contributed to modern social movements by, doing as Dr. King himself, giving speeches to varying audiences concerning the issue of racial inequality. Above all, Martin Luther King Jr made the strongestRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr Essay1299 Words   |  6 PagesWhy was Martin Luther King Jr. such an inspiration to African Americans in America? Martin Luther King Jr. was an American minister, Civil Rights leader, and activist who had a strong belief in nonviolent protests (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). He was the leader behind the Montgomery Bus Boycott and the March on Washington which were eventually effective and a law was passed to end racial discrimination (history.com; Martin Luther King Jr.). On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested forRead MorePurpose of Education Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesSynthesis Essay: The Purpose of Education Everyday we go to school to receive our education, but what is the purpose of education? Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s speech, â€Å"The Purpose of Education† and Frank O’Connor’s short story, â€Å"Christmas Morning,† both discuss what is the purpose of education. The purpose of education is to acknowledge not only one’s intelligence, but also one’s character, provide one with the ability to make decisions and achieve their goals. One of the purposes of educationRead MoreI Have A Dream Speech Analysis847 Words   |  4 Pagesfights for her country. In the speech I Have a Dream, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was influencing people to go and protest to get their rights and in the speech A Eulogy for Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., Robert F. Kennedy influences people to change and do as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. The last two people were speaking to influence people. They made a change, they did something and hope something will change. First, the speech I Have a Dream By Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. He is a famous black rightsRead MoreEssay on The Life of Martin Luther King Jr.1244 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born to Alberta and Martin Luther King. Alberta Williams King was born September 13, 1904 in Atlanta, Georgia. Martin Luther King, Sr. was born December 19, 1899 in Stockbridge, Georgia. Martins dad was a pastor at the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a school teacher. His siblings were Christine King Farris born September 11, 1927, and Alfred Daniel Williams King born July 30, 1930. Martin was the middle child. Martin Luther King

Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management. Answer: Introduction: In a highly competitive world of today, it has become absolutely imperative for any organization to keep an eye over the process in which the business operations are being carried out in the company. In case an organization intends to increase its productivity by increasing employee efficiency, it must ensure that it has the most desirable work environment or proper capacity that can help the organization achieve long-term sustainability. Herein lies the importance of the organizational analysis of a company. A variety of management models are being employed for analyzing an organization and these models help the organization evaluate the effectiveness of the structure, leadership strategy or the employee performance of the organization. Burrell and Morgan is a sociological model that is very effective in determining the trajectory of an organization, and making necessary recommendations if necessary. Marks and Spencer (MS) is one of the most recognized British multinational organiza tions situated all over the world. The M S Singapore provides high quality fashion items and stylish home-ware that has helped it to achieve huge recognition among the Singaporeans as well. However, despite the huge recognition the organization has achieved, it should be noted that the organization is not free from competitors at Singapore as well. In fact, Group P.L.C and Next P.L.C are the names of some of the most eminent competitors of the organization in Singapore. Hence, it has been observed that if the organization intends to sustain itself in future, it must consider restructuring its structure, and re-formulating its leadership strategies. Hence, the organizational analysis of M S using the Burrell and Morgan model is highly important. Thus, the present task intends to discuss and explain the Burrell and Morgan model, and next aims to analyze the effectiveness of the organizational strategy, adopted by Marks and Spencer (Hassard Cox, 2013). Definition and Explanation of the Burrell and Morgan Model: The Burrell and Morgan model is actually a model, created and developed by Burrell and Morgan for explaining and classifying the sociological theories. Although this is a sociological paradigm itself, the theory has wide application over a variety of organizational theories. The particular model focuses on the four important aspects of the organization, which are being explained below: The model is being used for explaining the four important perspectives- Radical Humanist perspective, Functionalist perspective, Radical Structuralism perspective and the Interpretive perspective. The radical humanist perspective talks of a highly autocratic work environment, where the employees are being marginalized, and are not being sufficient freedom in ventilating their personal opinions. Again, the functionalist perspective analyzes the goals of the organization in the light of the shared civic values, while the radical structuralism perspective focuses on the importance of the organizational intervention in management decisions. Last but not the least, the interpretive perspective intends to analyze the present situation in the light of certain theories (Cronje, 2013). Functionalist Paradigm: Here, Marks and Spencer Singapore, is being considered, and the organization is being considered in the light of the Burrell and Morgan model. The functionalist paradigm is being adopted, as it is being observed that the management authority of M S Singapore follows an autocratic leadership style, wherein the employees are being prevented from reaching their full potential. As a result of excessive intervention on part of the authority, the employees are unable to retain their motivation, and express and utilize their innovative ideas, necessary for helping the company achieve organizational success (Powel DiMaggio, 2013). This paradigm intends to recommend radical change in terms of the organizational structure and culture, followed at Marks and Spencer. The Functionalist paradigm intends to explain the organizational issues of the selected company in the light of the pragmatic ideas of sociological positivism. Hence, the organizational behavior of the company will be done, with t he help of hypothesis testing. Background of the Organizational Structure and Culture Followed at M S (Singapore): M S follows a very poor and ineffective organizational structure. Moreover, the organizational culture is also not suitable, as it does not provide sufficient motivation to the employees working under the organization. Since the year of 2000, the organization in Singapore has been in the news for the fall in profit as well as the sales. The organizational structure of a company refers to the way the authority arranges and divides the work among its employees, so as to help in the accomplishment of the important goals and objectives. M S follows the traditional bureaucratic organizational structure that divides the organizational jobs according to the employees areas of specialization, such as sales and operation, logistics, Marketing and accounting (Brokaw et al., 2012). Since the functionalist paradigm is being adopted, it has been observed that the organizational values, and culture are highly responsible for the condition of the organization in the recent times. However, the deg ree to which the authority is distributed among the employees is very high. It should be noted that in case of a bureaucratic organizational structure, and an autocratic culture, the managerial head is required to regularly monitor and supervise the activities and performance of the employees, working in different departmental sections of the company. However, in case of M S, given the huge span of control required to monitor the activities of the innumerable number of functional departments, the managing authority fails to review and evaluate the quality of the employee performance (Gypteau et al., 2015). It should be noted that the centralization of power and authority tends to present innumerable disadvantages to the organization. One major disadvantage confronting the M S Singapore is that the pyramidal structure of management is not desirable for a large organization. The decision-making capacity as well as the managerial duties is confined in the hands of the President, who acts as the executive, in the company, and hence he fails to assess and evaluate the quality of the performance of the employees (Ashkenas et al., 2014). Besides, the President of the organization fails to visit the organization during regular periodical intervals, and communicate the strategies or changes to the employees. As a result, there is a wide gap of communication that has been developing among the employees and the higher management of the organization. The functional organizational structure followed by M S Singapore, is being explained below: As it is evident from the above diagram, the organizational structure followed at M S limits the power, control and authority to a single individual, who fails to pay, heed to each aspect of the organization (Pettigrew et al., 2014). The employees working at M S Singapore under the Marketing team claimed that they fail to express creativity, as they are expected to comply with the norms of the organization. As a result of the functionalist paradigm, it has been observed that the strictly hierarchical structure of the organization does not allow liberty and autonomy to the employees, working in the organization. Though a strong hierarchical structure is very organized, it does not necessarily have a positive impact on the minds of the employees. Due to the lack of effective communication, the employees fail to understand the organizational requirements, and hence the Human Resource team fails to introduce necessary changes in the organization. Besides, research studies suggest that the HR department itself has to comply with the legal and regulatory framework of the organization, as drafted by the top layer of the management of the organization (OReilly Tushman, 2013). It is recommended that the organization creates a large, interdisciplinary group, and distributes the power among the managers of each departmental section. This will enable effective communication of business plans and sm ooth operation of the business activities. Besides, the organization must replace its autocratic leadership style with the participative and flexible leadership style. A proper sense of collaboration and employee co-operation is absolutely needed, which is apparently missing at M S. It has been observed that due to the lack of proper communication, the organization, at recent times, has failed to conduct great business in Singapore, and hence the rate of profit has been going down. Excessive intervention at workplace also leaves the employees discontent and de-motivated, that leads to high turnover rates and low retention capacity. Hence, the organization should adopt a highly participative style of leadership and organizational management, so that the employees can also enjoy the power to communicate their innovative ideas, and contribute to the well-being of the organization (Goetch Davis, 2014). Besides, the organization must adopt the divisional organizational structure, as it is the most suitable structure for any large scale organization. The organization should confine the power of management authority to each sectional manager, so that there can be an equal division of power (Daft, 2012). The proposed organizational structure can be explained with the help of the diagram given below: The line organizational structure is the most desirable organizational structure meant for M S Singapore. The structure can help in simplifying and clarifying the authority as well as the job roles assigned to each employee, and also assists in promoting fast and efficient decision-making system (Cummings Worley, 2014). Background of the Organizational Culture Followed at M S: The organizational culture of M S should also be considered. The organizational culture is defined as the system of shared values, ideologies and beliefs followed by the employees of an organization. The culture at workplace is highly important as it determines the nature of relation of the employees among themselves, or the way in which the employees behave with the colleagues (McShaneGlinow, 2015). Marks and Spencer is in itself a reputed brand, and hence it must ensure that the organizational culture adopted by the company communicates the right message to the employees. Besides, there is no point denying the fact that the organizational culture of the company also helps in promoting healthy relation among the employees. The organizational culture can be of various kinds, such as the pragmatic organizational culture, academy culture, baseball team culture, club culture and fortress culture. However, M S follows a normative organizational culture, whereby the organization has a p redefined set of rules that the organization intends to follow (Lee et al., 2012). The employees working at M S are expected to follow the norms and the workplace guidelines, and to conform to the prescribed code of business and policies of the organization. As a result, the employees are unable to enjoy a sense of flexibility, and autonomy within the organization. The strict normative control within the organization is undesirable as it robs the employees of autonomy (Weaver et al., 2013). Though the organizational culture is strong, and imposes strict rules on the employees, the employee productivity is affected in a negative way. Since, there exists a structurally direct and inextricable relation between employee productivity and organizational culture, the performance of the employees gets affected. However, inequality or hierarchy is seen as an important part of any society, or an organization, the hierarchical structure and the normative organizational culture is being apprec iated in the organization. Besides, the organizations belief and business ideology can be summarized in the following way: Providing excellent service to each single client To strive for excellence Respect for each individual employee (Rowlinson et al., 2013) As it is evident, the organizational culture of M S primarily focuses on the benefits and well-being of the employees. However, it is recommended that the organization adopts a more employee centric culture. The organization has been overlooking the demand of its employees for salary hike and flexible work schedule. There is a lack of control and co-ordination between the management authority of the organization, and the employees working under it. The business activities of the organization are mainly operated under the control and guidance of the CEO of Steve Rowe, who fails to regularly supervise and monitor the Market performance of the company in the different outlets at Singapore (Ainsworth et al., 2015). Hence, this acts as a source of trouble. The promotional strategy adopted by Rowe, while launching the products in the Western countries, does not always prove best for the Singaporean Market. The consumers as well as the consumption behavior of the consumers largely differ a cross borders, and hence the organizational strategy chosen by Rowe is not always being accepted by the employees. This leads to organizational conflict and workplace clash, that affect the performance of the employees, and de-motivates them as well. The CEO of the organization does not reside in Singapore, and hence he fails to stay connected with the employees. As a result, there is a lack of acceptability among the employees, who often find the managerial skills questionable. It is recommended that the organization follows any one of the given alternatives: The organization should vest the management power of the Singaporean outlets, on a business manager who is a resident of Singapore The organization divides the business activities into various sections, whereby a divisional manger is being chosen for supervising and controlling the business activities o each section (Weaver et al., 2013). By following either of the two alternatives, M S Singapore, will be able to introduce a role organizational culture. In case of the role organizational culture, the structure is well-defined and the business operations are highly predictable. As a result, the manager of the organization will not impose rapid decisions and autocratic control on the employees. Another problem observed in the organizational culture of M S Singapore, is that the leaders of the organization follow an autocratic style of leadership, whereby the employees do not enjoy flexibility and autonomy in the decision making process (Senge, 2014). Yet it should be noted that the company could have still excelled in its operational activities, if it could organize regular meetings and interactive sessions, that could help the higher authority communicate the business strategies to the employees. In this case, the productivity rate of the efficiency rate of the employees are remaining the same, and yet lack of managerial control or insufficient knowledge about the organizational goals, are not letting the employees reach full potential. In order to improve the workplace culture, M S Singapore is required to ensure effective communication between the higher and the lower management level (Gyptaeu et al., 2015). Either the employees should be offered minimal right to parti cipate in the decision-making capacity, or the top level managers should interact with the employees at periodical intervals. As it has already been mentioned above, the organization is required to frame its culture keeping into consideration, the needs and expectations of the employees. The organizational culture should move from being consumer-centric to employee-centric. The employees, regarded as the human resources of the organization must be valued as much as the financial resources. Hence, the important attributes, such as employee integrity and fairness, learning opportunities, accountability, communication, and purpose, decision-making skills are some of the important attributes that must be incorporated by the organization in its organizational culture. In a highly normative organizational culture, M S needs to continually motivate its employees. However, the employees feel de-motivated and deprived of enjoying basic rights of taking managerial decisions within the organization. Excessive managerial intervention hampers the creative and innovative approach of the organization at Singapore. The promotional and Marketing team consists of Marketing managers, belonging to Singapore only, and hence the Marketing managers of Singapore can be provided with the opportunity of selecting the most effective promotional strategy. Although the organization recruits as much as 250 University graduates in UK, the number of Singaporean employees working in the M S outlet is indeed quite low. Consequently, the limited number of Singaporean employees often encounters issues of cultural diversity, as well as cross cultural communication problems. However, the management authority does not try to develop the intercultural competence of the existent e mployees, by offering sufficient training programs. The social and interpersonal relation of the employees must be improved to enable smooth connection between the logistics and operation department and the sales department. The organization however places too much emphasis on improving and enhancing the soft skills and the personality of the employees. The organization has been overlooking the problem of co-ordination that exists among the employees working in different sectional departments of the organization (Kacker, 2015). M S has been focusing too much on the tasks or the business deals, and have been dismissing the importance of developing personal relation of the employees. Recommendations: It is evident from the recent research reports that M S, Singapore is gradually losing its edge, and hence it will face great difficulty in sustaining itself in future, if it does not adopt any effective step. As the above organizational analysis has been done considering the functionalist paradigm, a radical change in the structure and the culture of the organization is being suggested. First of all, the organization, instead of vesting all the power and authority on the CEO and the managerial heads, must create a hierarchical structure, clearly defining the power and the authority of each employee. More importantly, the accountability as well as the role of each functionary must be explicitly stated. The organization must hire sectional managers, who will be holding regular meetings and interactive sessions, for communicating the immediate plans and strategies of the organization (Frederick, 2013). Besides, a more flexible work environment is required whereby each employee or at l east each sectional head can chalk out and implement his own business plan, for the respective department. Too much dependence on the higher authority slows down the decision making and strategy implementation process. Although a proper span of control is indeed required, yet it is advisable that M S Spencer allows proper flexibility and autonomy to the employees. As far as the organizational culture is concerned, the autocratic leadership style should be replaced by the participative leadership style, as it will motivate the employees to participate and involve in the decision-making process more actively. Besides, no organization can build a coherent culture unless the people are willing to embrace the inherent values of the organization. Hence, it is advised that the organization arranges workshops and seminars that can promote a sense of belonging and co-operation among the employees of M S (Retna Jones, 2013). Conclusion: M S Singapore has been doing well even in the recent past. However, at present, the business reports suggest that the organization has been suffering from the biggest downturn in last 10 years, owing to the inability to adopt the most effective organizational structure and culture. By applying the functionalist paradigm, it has been observed that the current dominant ideology, adopted by the organization is not the right one. Hence, the organization is required to adopt a change in the structure as well as in the culture. Reference List: Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, S. N. (2015).Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press. Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T., Kerr, S. (2015).The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Brokaw, L. (2012). Marks and Spencers emerging business case for sustainability.MIT Sloan Management Review. Chaudoir, S. R., Dugan, A. G., Barr, C. H. (2013).Measuring factors affecting implementation of health innovations: a systematic review of structural, organizational, provider, patient, and innovation level measures.Implementation Science,8(1), 1. Cronje, J. (2013). What is this thing called design in design research and instructional design.Educational Media International,50(1), 1-11. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change.Cengage learning. Daft, R. (2012).Organization theory and design.Nelson Education. Frederick, C. D. (2013).An International marketing case study(Doctoral dissertation). Gharache, A. M. A., Nezhad, S. N. M. Y., Javaherian, E., Mehrabanfar, E. (2014).Feasibility of Codification and Using Human Resource Strategy with SRP Model.International Journal of Research in Organizational Behaviour and Human Resource Management,2(1), 177. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence.pearson. Gypteau, J., Otero, F. E., Kampouridis, M. (2015, April). Generating directional change based trading strategies with genetic programming. InEuropean Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary Computation(pp. 267-278).Springer International Publishing. Gypteau, J., Otero, F. E., Kampouridis, M. (2015, April). Generating directional change based trading strategies with genetic programming. InEuropean Conference on the Applications of Evolutionary Computation(pp. 267-278).Springer International Publishing. Hassard, J., Cox, J. W. (2013). Can sociological paradigms still inform organizational analysis? A paradigm model for post-paradigm times.Organization Studies, 0170840613495019. Kacker, M. P. (2015). Internationalization of Retailing in the Asia-Pacific Region: Current Trends and Future Outlook. InProceedings of the 1997 World Marketing Congress(pp. 496-503).Springer International Publishing. Lee, S. M., Olson, D. L., Trimi, S. (2012). Co-innovation: convergenomics, collaboration, and co-creation for organizational values.Management Decision,50(5), 817-831. McShane, S. L., Von Glinow, M. A. (2015).Organizational Behavior 7/e. O'Reilly, C. A., Tushman, M. L. (2013). Organizational ambidexterity: Past, present, and future.The Academy of Management Perspectives,27(4), 324-338. Pettigrew, A. M. (2014).The politics of organizational decision-making.Routledge. Powell, W. W., DiMaggio, P. J. (Eds.). (2012).The new institutionalism in organizational analysis. University of Chicago Press. Retna, K. S., Jones, D. (2013).The learning organisation and Singapore culture.The Learning Organization,20(4/5), 338-351. Rowlinson, M., Hassard, J., Decker, S. (2014). Research strategies for organizational history: A dialogue between historical theory and organization theory.Academy of Management Review,39(3), 250-274. Senge, P. M. (2014).The dance of change: The challenges to sustaining momentum in a learning organization. Crown Business. Weaver, S. J., Lubomksi, L. H., Wilson, R. F., Pfoh, E. R., Martinez, K. A., Dy, S. M. (2013). Promoting a culture of safety as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), 369-374. Weaver, S. J., Lubomksi, L. H., Wilson, R. F., Pfoh, E. R., Martinez, K. A., Dy, S. M. (2013). Promoting a culture of safety as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.Annals of internal medicine,158(5_Part_2), 369-374.

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Dalit literature Essay Example for Free

Dalit literature Essay Chaucer and the Elizabethan Age The Neo Classical Age The Romantic and the Victorian Ages Twentieth Century Theory and practice of Translation 4 4 4 Max. Marks Uni. CIA Exam. 25 75 25 75 25 75 6 6 30 4 3 19 25 25 125 75 75 375 100 100 500 Ins. 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World Classics in Translation Women’s Writing in English Anatomy of Literature Total 1 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Papers Credit Total Credits Marks Total marks MAIN 16 4-5 76 100 1600 ELECTIVE 4 3 12 100 400 COMPULSORY PAPER 1 2 2 100 100 21 90 2100 Subject Total 2 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) THIRUVALLUVAR UNIVERSITY M. A. ENGLISH SYLLABUS UNDER CBCS (with effect from 2012-2013) SEMESTER I PAPER 1 CHAUCER AND THE ELIZABETHAN AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to early English literature with special reference to transition from middle English to the Elizabethan ethos. 2. introduced to the earliest English writers through representative texts 3. to gain a deeper knowledge of the writers and their works UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Chaucer : Prologue to the Canterbury Tales : The Knight, The Prioress, The Wife of Bath and the Doctor of Physic. 2. John Donne : 1) The Canonization 2) Valediction Forbidding Mourning 3) Go and Catch a Falling Star UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Edmund Spenser : Prothalamion 2. Wyatt and Surrey : As Sonneteers 3. Ballads 3 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Bacon : Of Truth, Of Adversity, Of Parents and Children, Of Ambition 2. The Gospel according to St. Mark (MacMillan Annotated Classics) 3. Thomas More : The Utopia UNIT-IV : DRAMA Webster :The Duchess of Malfi UNIT-V : DRAMA Ben Jonson : The Alchemist 4 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 2 THE NEO CLASSICAL AGE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the shift to the Classical tradition in literary and political terms 2. to appreciate the tremendous changes in literary forms 3. trained to analyze the trends in literary expression of the period UNIT-I : POETRY Milton (1608 1674) : Paradise Lost Book IX UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Andrew Marvell (1621 1678) : To His Coy Mistress 2. John Dryden (1631 1695) : Absalom and Achitophel 3. Pope (1688 1744) : The Essay On Man : Epistle II (II. 1 92) (â€Å"Know then thyself†¦. Our greatest evil or great good†) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Addison and Steele : The Coverley Papers : Sir Roger at Church Sir Roger at the Assizes 2. Milton : Areopagitica 3. Swift : The Battle of the Books 5 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. John Dryden : All for Love 2. Richard Sheridan : The Rivals UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Daniel Defoe (1660 1731) : Robinson Crusoe 2. Swift (1667 1745) : Gulliver’s Travels 6 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 3 THE ROMANTIC AND THE VICTORIAN AGES Objectives Students are : 1. to appreciate the influence of ever changing trends brought about by social and scientific developments 2. to analyze diverse literary devices of these periods 3. to comprehend and analyze the dialectic between Neo Classicism and Romanticism 4. to gain indepth understanding of major writers of the 19th century UNIT-I: POETRY 1. Wordsworth : Tintern Abbey 2. Coleridge : The Rime of the Ancient Mariner 3. Shelley : Ode to a Skylark 4. Keats : Ode on a Grecian Urn 5. Tennyson : Ulysses UNIT-II: POETRY 1. Browning : My Last Duchess 2. Blake : Night 3. D. G. Rossetti Infant Sorrow : Blessed Damozel 4. Arnold : The Scholar Gypsy Ref: Victorian poets, ed. V. S. Seturaman, Macmillan Annotated Classics 7 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Charles Lamb : From Essays of Elia: Dissertation on a Roast Pig : Poor Relations 2. Arnold : From Culture and Anarchy: Sweetness and Light 3. Thomas Carlyle : On Shakespeare (from Victorian Prose ed. V. S. Sethuraman) UNIT-IV: DRAMA Oscar Wilde : Lady Windermere’s Fan UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Jane Austen : Emma 2. Dickens : Pickwick Papers 3. Charlotte Bronte : Jane Eyre 4. Walter Scott: Ivanhoe 8 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 4 TWENTIETH CENTURY Objectives Students are : 1. trained to acquire a working understanding of the war years and their literary consequences 2. exposed to dominant literary traditions and authors of the 20th Century 3. to analytically appreciate various emerging literary trends and forms 4. introduced to futuristic thinking through a classic science fiction novel UNIT-I : POETRY 1. W. B . Yeats 2. T. S Eliot 3. Wilfred Owen : Easter 1916 : Sailing to Byzantium : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock : Strange Meeting UNIT-II : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Hopkins. Seamus Heaney Thom Gunn Stephen Spender : Wreck of the Deutschland : The Tollund Man : On the Move : I think continually of those who are truly great. UNIT-III: PROSE 1. Orwell 2. D. H. Lawrence 3. C. P. Snow : Politics and the English Language : Why the Novel Matters : Two Cultures UNIT-IV: DRAMA 1. Beckett 2. T. S. Eliot : Waiting For Godot : The Family Reunion 9 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V: FICTION 1. Virginia Woolf : Mrs. Dalloway 2. D. H. Lawrence : Sons and Lovers 3. Arthur C. Clarke : Childhood’s End 10 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 1 THEORY AND PRACTICE OF TRANSLATION Objectives Students are trained : 1. to gain a working knowledge of the origin and development of translation 2. in the various theories and techniques of translation 3. to be able to translate literary and non-literary texts from English into an Indian language and vice-versa UNIT-I : History of Translation Origin and development of translation in the West Origin and development of translation in the Indian context UNIT-II : Theories of Translation Catford Nida Newmark UNIT-III : Translation of Literary Aesthetic Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Religious Texts in India. Translation of Poetry Translation of Fiction Translation of Plays UNIT-IV : Translation of Scientific Technical Texts Problems and Techniques Translation of Scientific Texts Translation of Social Sciences Texts Translation of Official Circulars, Agenda, Minutes Translation of Commercial, Financial documents and Legal texts 11 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V : New trends Assessment of Translation Computer aided Translation Reference Susan Bassnett McGuire, Translation Studies J. C. Catford, A Linguistic Theory of Translation E. A. Nida, Towards a Science of Translation (1964) E. A. Nida and C. Taber, The Theory and Practice of Translation (1974) Peter Newmark, Approaches to Translation (1981) A. Duff, The Third Language (1961) Ayyappa Panicker, ed. Indian Literature (1995) 12 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) II SEMESTER PAPER 5 ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS Objectives Students are exposed to : 1. the evolution of the English language at a deeper level, updating what has been learnt at the UG level 2. the intricacies of articulating English sounds, enabling them to speak better 3. levels of linguistic analyses, preparing them to become effective teachers UNIT-I : THE HISTORY OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Descent of English language; Old English Period; Middle English; Renaissance After; Growth of Vocabulary; Change of Meaning; Evolution of Standard English. Recommended Reading: F. T Wood An Outline History of English Language UNIT-II : PHONOLOGY Cardinal Vowels, English Vowels, Diphthongs and Consonants, Transcription, Syllable UNIT-III : PHONOLOGY Received Pronunciation and the need for a model, Accent, Rhythm and Intonation, Assimilation, Elision, Liaison and Juncture. Recommended Reading T. 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English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 6 INDIAN LITERATURE IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to a wider range of works in Indian Literature in English 2. exposed to a balanced textual study of established and contemporary writers 3. enabled to acquire a holistic perception of Indian Literature in English in preparation for a teaching or research career UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Aurobindo : Thought the Paraclete 2. Nissim Ezekiel : Poet, Lover, Bird Watcher 3. A. K. Ramanujan : Anxiety (from selected poems OUP, 1995,p. 29, pp. 124-25) 4. Arun Kolatkar : From Jeiury 1. The Bus 2. A Scratch 5. Rabindranath Tagore : Gitanjali UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Daruwalla : Hawk (from The Anthgology of Twelve. Modern Indian Poets ed. A. K. Mehotra, OUP (1992) 2. Sujatha Bhat : The Star (from Monkey Shadows, Penguin India, 1993 pp 13-15) 3. Mamta Kalia : Tribute to Papa (from Nine Indian Women 15 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Poets ed. Eunice D’Souza, OUP, 1997, pp. 2021) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Nehru : Discovery of India (Ch. 2 and 3) 2. B. R. Ambedkar : Extracts 4,5 and 6 (from Annihilation of Caste Ed. Mulk Raj Anand. Delhi: Arnold Publishers, 1990, pp. 47-54) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Karnad : Nagamandala 2. Mahashweta Devi : Rudali (Calcutta: Seagull, 1999) UNIT-V : FICTION 1. R. K. Narayan : The English Teacher 2. Chetan Bhaghat : One Night @ the Call Centre 16 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 7 SHAKESPEARE Objectives Students are : 1. enabled to establish Shakespeare’s contribution to development of English literature and language. 2. to gain knowledge and understanding necessary to explain his dramatic skills 3. to identify and explain meaning-making and communicative strategies in the prescribed plays 4. oriented to a concrete understanding of his ‘universality’ which in this context means his ability to communicate to a far wider spectrum of people 5. prompted to recognise and appreciate his skills as a wordsmith 6. trained to identify passages (from the prescribed plays) that can be used as case studies to understand and practice soft and communicative skills. UNIT-I : As You Like It UNIT-II : Othello UNIT-III : Richard III UNIT-IV : The Winter’s Tale UNIT-V 1. The Elizabethan Theatre and Audience 2. Trends in Shakespeare Studies 17 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 8 AMERICAN LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. to explore the uniqueness of American literature at an advanced level 2. trained to analyze the American mind in its important facets 3. enabled to appreciate mutually beneficial relationship between India and the U.S. , through the literary medium 4. introduced to American Science Fiction through one of the most representative texts UNIT-I : POETRY 1. 2. 3. 4. Walt Whitman Emily Dickinson Robert Frost Wallace Stevens : Crossing Brooklyn Ferry : Success is counted sweetest : Home Burial : Anecdote of the Jar UNIT-II : POETRY 1. e. e. cummings 2. Amiri Baraka 3. Gwendolyn Brooks : Any one lived in a pretty how town : An Agony as Now : Kitchenette Building UNIT-III : PROSE 1. R. W. Emerson 2. H. D. Thoreau 3. Allan Bloom : Self Reliance : Walden (Selected Chapters 1,2 and 17) : Nietzscheanization of the Left or Vice-Versa (from the Closing of the American Mind 1987) 18 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA 1. Eugene O’Neill 2. Arthur Miller : Hairy Ape : The Crucible UNIT-V : FICTION 1. Mark Twain 2. W. Faulkner 3. Isaac Asimov : Adventures of Huckleberry Finn : The Sound and the Fury : The Caves of Steel 19 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) HUMAN RIGHTS COMPULSORY PAPER UNIT-I Definition of Human Rights Nature, Content, Legitimacy and Priority Theories on Human Rights Historical Development of Human Rights. UNIT-II International Human Rights Prescription and Enforcement upto World War II Human Rights and the U . N . O. Universal Declaration of Human Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and Optional Protocol. UNIT-III Human Rights Declarations U. N. Human Rights Declarations U. N. Human Commissioner. UNIT-IV Amnesty International Human Rights and Helsinki Process Regional Developments European Human Rights System African Human Rights System International Human Rights in Domestic courts. UNIT-V Contemporary Issues on Human Rights: Children’s Rights Women’s Rights Dalit’s Rights Bonded Labour and Wages Refugees Capital Punishment. Fundamental Rights in the Indian Constitution Directive Principles of State Policy Fundamental Duties National Human Rights Commission. 20 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) Books for Reference: 1. International Bill of Human Rights, Amnesty International Publication, 1988. 2. Human Rights, Questions and Answers, UNESCO, 1982 3. Mausice Cranston What is Human Rights 4. Desai, A. R. Violation of Democratic Rights in India 5. Pandey Constitutional Law. 6. Timm. R. W. Working for Justice and Human Rights. 7. Human Rights, A Selected Bibliography, USIS. 8. J. C. Johari. Human Rights and New World Order. 9. G. S. Bajwa Human Rights in India. 10. Amnesty International, Human Rights in India. 11. P. C. Sinha International Encyclopedia of Peace, Security K. Cheous (Ed) Social Justice and Human Rights (Vols 1-7). 12. Devasia, V. V. Human Rights and Victimology. Magazines: 1. 2. 3. 4. The Lawyer, Bombay Human Rights Today, Columbia University International Instruments of Human Rights, UN Publication Human Rights Quarterly, John Hopkins University, U. S. A. 21 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 NEW LITERATURES IN ENGLISH Objectives Students are introduced to contemporary and complex writers and their works spanning all the commonwealth countries. If selected for study, this paper will enable the student to acquire a highly comprehensive knowledge of commonwealth literature, enhancing their reception of the paper on commonwealth literature in the III semester, and also providing them with sufficient knowledge base for pursuing research or teaching. UNIT-I : POETRY 1. Australia Judith Wright : At Cooloola 2. New Zealand James Baxter : The Ikons 3. Allen Curnow : House and Land UNIT-II : POETRY 1. Canada Al Purdy : Lament for the Dorsets (EskimosExtinct in the 14th Century AD) (from Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry) 2. Africa Kofi Awoonor : Song of War : The Weaver Bird (from Penguin Anthology of Modern Poetry- Africa. Eds. Gerald Moore and Ulli Beier. ) 3. ace Nichols West Indies Grace Nichols Of course, when they ask for poems (from Six Women Poets. Ed. Judith Kinsman, OUP, 1992, pp. 41 -43) 22 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-III : PROSE 1. Africa Achebe : Colonialist Criticism (from Post Colonial Studies Reader eds. Helen Tiffin, Chris Tiffin Bill Ashcroft) 2. West Indies V. S. Naipaul-India : A Wounded Civilization UNIT-IV : DRAMA. Australia Louis Nowra : Radiance J. P. Clarke : Song of a goat UNIT-V : FICTION Africa-Koetzee : Disgrace Canada-Maragaret Laurence : The Stone Angel Australia-Peter Carey : Oscar and Lucinda 23 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) III SEMESTER PAPER 9 COMMONWEALTH LITERATURE Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the literatures of the Commonwealth 2. introduced to the postcolonial perceptions of a wide range of people whose second language is English 3. trained to develop comparative perspectives 4. Trained to discuss the question of identity and dominance of landscape in Commonwealth literature UNIT-I : POETRY. Australia A. D. Hope : Australia New Zealand Jessie Mackay : The Noosing of the sun-god Africa Abioseh Nicol : The Continent that lies within us UNIT-II : POETRY Africa David Rubadiri : A Negro labourer in Liverpool Dereck Walcott : Ruins of a Great House Canada F. R. Scott : The Canadian Author’s Meet (from Anthology of Commonwealth Verse ed. Margaret O’Donnell An Anthology of Commonwealth Poetry ed. C. D. Narasimhaiah) UNIT-III : PROSE Sri Lanka Ananda : The Dance of Shiva Coomaraswami 24 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : DRAMA Nigeria Wole Soyinka : The Lion and the Jewel UNIT-V : FICTION. Canada Margaret Atwood : Surfacing Australia Patrick White : Voss 25 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 10 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM I Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to one of the most enabling forms of literary study 2. exposed to the complexities of literary theory and criticism, which is most essential aspect of literary appreciation 3. trained to understand and analyze literary writings based on the ever evolving traditions of criticism 4. enabled to form a comparative perspective of the Eastern and Western critical traditions UNIT-I Introduction to Classical Literary Criticism UNIT-II. Ancient Tamil and Sanskrit Criticism UNIT-III Johnson : Preface to Shakespeare Wordsworth : Preface to the Lyrical Ballads UNIT-IV Arnold : Study of Poetry T. S. Eliot : Tradition and Individual Talent UNIT-V N. Frye : Archetypes of Literature 26 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 11 ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING Objectives Students are : 1. expected to acquire the essentials of teaching English as a second / foreign language 2. to internalize the various methods of English language teaching, theory as well as practice 3. trained to appreciate the area specific feature of ELT, in the Indian context, to become able teachers. 4. Problems and Principles UNIT-I The role of English in India; English teaching in India today UNIT-II Theories of language learning: cognitive-theory; behaviouristic theory. First language acquisition and second language learning; Attitudes to error; Inter language UNIT-III Approaches and Methods: Grammar Translation; Audio-lingual; Communicative and Current Trends UNIT-IV Classroom Management and Teacher Student Interaction Materials Production 27 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-V Reading, Writing, Testimony, Speaking, Study Skills, Literature, Remediation Recommended Reading Howall A. P. R. A History of English Language Teaching, OUP, 1984. Richards, J and Rodgers, S. Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press, 2001. Ellis, R. Understanding Second Language Acquisition, London, OUP, 1985. Pit Corder, S. Introducing Applied Linguistics, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1973. Edinburgh Course in Appied Linguistics Vols. 1,2,3,4. Yalden, 1. The Communicative Syllabus: Evolution Design Implementations. Penguin, 1983. Oller J. W. Jr. Language Tests at School, London, Longman, 1979. David Nunan, Language Teaching Methodology, Prentice Hall, 1991. 28 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 12 LITERATURE, ANALYSIS, APPROACHES AND APPLICATIONS Objectives Students are : 1. introduced to the methodologies of analysis, an integral part of literary appreciation 2. exposed to the expected levels of performance required in them 3. directed to the ever widening career options opening to a PG in English, especially in the Knowledge Processing Industry for writers, editors, instructional designers and so on UNIT-I Practical Criticism UNIT-II Journalism and Mass Communication UNIT-III Report Writing and Book Review UNIT-IV Proofreading, Editing and Advertising UNIT-V : TECHNICAL WRITING Specs, Manuals, Business correspondence 29 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 3 FILM REVIEWS AND PRESENTATION Objectives Students are : 1. exposed to the newly emerging field of film studies 2. introduced to the technicalities of making and appreciation of cinema 3. trained to become reviewers, opening up another career option UNIT-I History of Cinema in India UNIT-II Major Landmarks in Indian Cinema UNIT-III What is Film Reviewing? UNIT-IV Actual reviewing by showing film clips UNIT-V The script, storyline, acting, costumes, dialogue, visuals, music and dance, graphics and special effects 30 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) IV SEMESTER PAPER 13 LITERARY THEORY AND CRITICISM II Objectives In addition to the objectives for Literary Theory and Criticism I Students are : 1. sensitized to the transition from Humanistic to Modern and Postmodern critical traditions 2. enabled to comprehend the dominance of theory in the Postmodern phase 3. introduced to recent contexts, concepts and ideologies UNIT-I Lionel Trilling: Sense of the Past Cleanth Brooks: The Language of Paradox UNIT-II Georg Lukacs: Ideology of Modernism UNIT-III Jacques Lacan : Of Structure as an Inmixing of an Otherness Prerequisite to any Subject Whatever UNIT-IV. Barthes: Death of the Author UNIT-V Simone de Beauvoir : Introduction to â€Å"The Second Sex† 31 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 14 SOFT SKILLS, LITERATURE AND MOVIES Objectives Students are : 1. trained to understand the aspects of soft skills 2. exposed to the actualities of the various skills grouped under the rubric ‘Soft Skills’ 3. motivated, through this paper, to empower themselves with the expected skills for suitable employment 4. oriented to recognize and locate the role of soft skills in real life situations UNIT-I : INTRAPERSONAL Self-management, self-esteem, self-awareness, self-regulation, self-critique,  Jane Eyre UNIT-II : EMPATHY Honesty, cultural diversity, Ability to take other’s point of view, integrating cognitive and affective skills, Nelli in â€Å"Wuthering Heights† UNIT-III : INTERPERSONAL Team work, persuasion, negotiation, conflict resolution, Reading social situations, learning to say no, active listening, Rosalind, Portia and Viola UNIT-IV : COMMUNICATION Body language, facial expression, humour, eye contact, tone of voice, etiquette, 1. Antony and Cleopatra (Movie) 2. To Sir with Love (Movie) 3. Dead Poets Society (Movie) UNIT-V : LEADERSHIP Critical, lateral, strategic thinking; delegation; taking responsibility; giving praise and appreciation; giving and receiving feedback; ability to motivate; problem solving, â€Å"Things Fall Apart† – Achebe. 32 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) References Daniel Coleman. Working with Emotional Intelligence. Dale Carnegie. How to Develop Self Confidence and Influence People by Public Speaking. 1926. rpt. 1956. Pocket Books. 33 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 15 WORLD CLASSICS IN TRANSLATION Objectives: Enable the students to appreciate the writings for them literary values, cultural importance, philosophical and socio-political background to  facilitate the development of cross-cultural perspectives. UNIT-I : Poetry Homer : The Sliad Book III Virgil : The Aeveid Book IV (438-563) Thiruvalluvar : Thirukkural Book II UNIT-II : Dante : The Inferno (Canto III) Gibran : The Prophet UNIT-III : PROSE St. Augustine : The Confessions Book – I Confucius : Analects 1, 2 Harace : As Poetria UNIT-IV : DRAMA Anton Chekov : The Cherry Orchid Kalidasa : Sahuntala Aristophanes : The Clouds UNIT-V : FICTION Leo Tolstoy : Anna Karenina Books (1 2) Thomas Mann : Magic Mountain 34 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PAPER 16 WOMEN’S WRITING IN ENGLISH UNIT-I: POETRY Elizabeth Barret Browming. Ways. : How Do I Love Thee? Let me count the Sylvia Plath : Lady Lazarus Maya Angelou : Phenomenal Woman Kamala Das : Introduction Toru Dutt : Sita UNIT-II: PROSE Virginia Woolf : A Room of One’s Own Arundhathi Roy : The Algebra of Infinite Justice. UNIT-III: DRAMA Mahashweta Devi : Mother of 1084 Caryll Churchill : Top Girls UNIT-IV: FICTION Jhumpa Lahiri : The Namesake Margaret Atwood : The Handmaid’s Tale UNIT-V: GENERAL Mary Woolstone craft : The Vindication of the Rights of Women Elaine Showalter : Toward a Feminist Poetics 35 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) ELECTIVE PAPER 4 ANATOMY OF LITERATURE Objectives. Students are : 1. enabled to acquaint themselves with the major generic divisions in English literature 2. trained in the universally acknowledged conventions of literary research and documentation UNIT-I : THE ANATOMY OF PROSE The form of prose vocabulary grammar and idiom written and spoken prose the paragraph prose rhythm individual and common style common style and cheap style simplicity and ornamentation objective and subjective abstract and concrete realism, romance and unreality special inventions prose for its own sake the historical approach the science of rhetoric writing prose. UNIT-II : THE ANATOMY OF POETRY The importance of form the physical form of poetry metre variation rhyme onomatopoeia internal pattern form in intonation repetition the main types of poetry logical sequence the use of associations patterns of imagery traditional verse forms free verse the choice of words illustrations cautions twentieth century techniques. UNIT-III : THE ANATOMY OF NOVEL The concept of fiction verisimilitude the point of view plot character character revealed conversation scene and background dominant themes the experimental novel 36. M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) UNIT-IV : THE ANATOMY OF DRAMA Live literature action plots conventional divisions direct experience of characters dialogue and conversation verse and prose types of drama drama and history use of notes interpretation UNIT-V : LITERARY RESEARCH Research and writing the mechanics of writing the format of the research paper documentation: preparing the list of works cited documentation: citing sources in the text abbreviations Reference Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Prose (1954). Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Poetry (1953) Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Novel Marjorie Boulton, The Anatomy of Drama (1960) Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th Ed. 37 M. A. English : Syllabus (CBCS) PROJECT DISSERTATION Objective Project Work is a preparatory exercise for research writing. Students are introduced to the basics of research and trained to write academically following the framework given below: 1. Introduction 2. Statement of the problem 3. Review of Literature 4. Analysis 5. Summary, findings and suggestions.

Nuclear Power Essay -- Energy

Nuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy to be captured, but also that creates minimal waste and other byproducts. Despite these, the benefits of nuclear energy outweigh any disadvantages, as seen by its high energy output, reliability, and minimal environmental impact when compared to energy sources such as fossil fuels. Due in large part to its high energy output, nuclear power is a feasible and practical technology for meeting the world’s energy needs. For example, global energy demand has been continually increasing, with a 66% growth between 1980 and 2007; this demand is expected to increase by 40% by 2030 (World-Nuclear.org). As a testament to nuclear power’s utility as an energy source, it currently provides a large amount of global electricity: nuclear power met 20% of the global demand of electricity as of 2008 (Abu-Khader). This power generation is spread across 30 countries and is a result of 436 nuclear power plants (Adamantiades). The 20% figure also represents the United States’ dependence on nuclear power for generating its electricity. France, however, has a drastically higher dependence on this type of energy source due to its economic practicality, relying on it to meet 80% of its electricity demand (Mufson). Other countries like France include: Lithuania, Slovakia, and Belgium... ...r. 2012. Adamantiades, A., and I. Kessides. "Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development: Current Status and Future Prospects." Energy Policy (2009). ScienceDirect. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Connor, Steve. "Nuclear Power? Yes Please..." The Independent. The Independent, 23 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Corradini, Michael. "Nuclear Energy." World Book Student. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Mufson, Steven. "Nuclear Power Primed for Comeback." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 Oct. 2007. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Niiler, Eric. "Is Thorium the Future of Nuclear Power?" MSNBC.com. MSNBC, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 04 May 2012. Reiss, Spencer. "Face It. Nukes Are the Most Climate-Friendly Industrial-Scale Form of Energy." Wired Magazine. Condà © Naste, 19 May 2008. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. "World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power." World-Nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association, Dec. 2011. Web. 5 Apr. 2012. Nuclear Power Essay -- Energy Nuclear power is a technology that has enormous benefits for humankind. As the demand for energy is only continuing to grow, it has become important to develop energy technology that has good yield and minimal negative side effects. After the harnessing of the atom for use in nuclear weapons, the knowledge of how to exploit the atom became incorporated in nuclear power plants (Corradini 1). These use uranium fuel in a process that releases tremendous amounts of energy to be captured, but also that creates minimal waste and other byproducts. Despite these, the benefits of nuclear energy outweigh any disadvantages, as seen by its high energy output, reliability, and minimal environmental impact when compared to energy sources such as fossil fuels. Due in large part to its high energy output, nuclear power is a feasible and practical technology for meeting the world’s energy needs. For example, global energy demand has been continually increasing, with a 66% growth between 1980 and 2007; this demand is expected to increase by 40% by 2030 (World-Nuclear.org). As a testament to nuclear power’s utility as an energy source, it currently provides a large amount of global electricity: nuclear power met 20% of the global demand of electricity as of 2008 (Abu-Khader). This power generation is spread across 30 countries and is a result of 436 nuclear power plants (Adamantiades). The 20% figure also represents the United States’ dependence on nuclear power for generating its electricity. France, however, has a drastically higher dependence on this type of energy source due to its economic practicality, relying on it to meet 80% of its electricity demand (Mufson). Other countries like France include: Lithuania, Slovakia, and Belgium... ...r. 2012. Adamantiades, A., and I. Kessides. "Nuclear Power for Sustainable Development: Current Status and Future Prospects." Energy Policy (2009). ScienceDirect. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Connor, Steve. "Nuclear Power? Yes Please..." The Independent. The Independent, 23 Feb. 2009. Web. 2 Apr. 2012. Corradini, Michael. "Nuclear Energy." World Book Student. Web. 12 Apr. 2012. Mufson, Steven. "Nuclear Power Primed for Comeback." The Washington Post. The Washington Post, 8 Oct. 2007. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. Niiler, Eric. "Is Thorium the Future of Nuclear Power?" MSNBC.com. MSNBC, 07 Oct. 2011. Web. 04 May 2012. Reiss, Spencer. "Face It. Nukes Are the Most Climate-Friendly Industrial-Scale Form of Energy." Wired Magazine. Condà © Naste, 19 May 2008. Web. 3 Apr. 2012. "World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power." World-Nuclear.org. World Nuclear Association, Dec. 2011. Web. 5 Apr. 2012.

Person Centred Therapy Evaluation Essay

In order to evaluate the claim that Person-Centred Therapy offers the therapist all that he/she will need to treat clients, one must look at the theoretical concepts of person-centred therapy (PCT) and its underlying philosophical influences. The PCT approach was developed during the 1940’s and 1950’s by an American psychologist Carl Rogers, now known as Rogerian counselling; he proposed new humanistic ideas for counselling which moved away from the doctor/patient relationship. PCT emphasises person to person relationship between the therapist and client and focuses on the client’s point of view; through active listening the therapist tries to understand the client’s presenting issue and emotions. In PCT the client determines the direction, course, speed and length of the treatment and the therapist helps increase the client’s insight and self understanding. Rogers and Abraham Maslow, another psychologist, were the founders of the humanistic approach to psychology. â€Å"Humanistic theories of personality maintain that humans are motivated by the uniquely human need to expand their frontiers and to realise as much of their potential as possible† (Sanders 2002 p22). A humanistic approach is based on all human beings having an inbuilt ability to grow and achieve their full potential known as â€Å"actualisation†. If this quality can be harnessed then human beings can resolve their own issues naturally, given the right conditions. Rogers and Maslow believed in a person’s potential to reach self actualisation. Maslow however referred to the ‘psychology of being’ and that self actualisation was an end in itself at the top of the hierarchy of needs whereas Rogers considered the ‘psychology of becoming’- the process of being able to take charge of your life and become the person you want to be â₠¬â€œ a continuous process. Maslow felt that human beings are always striving for self improvement which goes beyond that of the basic needs for survival. He believed that a person’s behaviour stems from the way in which people strive to meet different needs. From 1943 to 1954 he developed the 5-level Hierarchy of Needs: * The first, lowest level, concerns a person’s physiological  needs: survival, food, water and shelter. * The second addresses safety: protection from danger and need for security, order and predictability. * The third covers love & social behaviour: for love, friendship and acceptance by peers. * The fourth addresses self respect and esteem: the need for status, independence, recognition, self confidence and respect from others. * The fifth and highest level concerns self-actualisation: the need to fulfil one’s personal potential. His theory states that each need must be met in turn starting with the lowest concerning the need for survival and only when the lower needs are met is a person able to move on to the higher needs. However if something should happen and any lower needs are no longer satisfied then a person will concentrate on regaining them before attaining the higher ones. The lower four levels are known as ‘deficiency’ needs which a person will strive to fulfil thereby satisfying the deficiency. However behaviour relating to self actualisation is known as a ‘growth’ need, governed by the person’s inborn need to grow and realise his full potential. Maslow felt most people only ever achieved the first four needs, and he wanted to help clients to obtain ‘Self-Actualisation’ in order to really become themselves. â€Å"The higher up the hierarchy we go, the more the need becomes linked to life experience and the less ‘biological’ it becomes.† (Gross 1996 p.97) It is a fact that people achieve self actualisation in many different ways, related to experience in later life rather than biology. If a person has a deficiency in one of the lower levels of needs then self- actualisation cannot be achieved, resulting in anger, frustration, unhappiness and depression. Rogers trusted in people and viewed them in a positive and optimistic way, believing all human beings naturally strove to achieve their potential; mental health issues arose when barriers to personal growth were present. Accordingly a person’s behaviour is down to self perception or interpretation of a situation and as no one else could know how something was perceived, the perceiver would be the best person to help themselves. PCT looks at how the client is currently interpreting and perceiving their  situation, the moment to moment experience and what is being thought and felt. Rogers viewed psychological development as the process of a person following the path of actualisation and so becoming oneself. A fully functioning person was someone on his way to self actualisation and he identified certain qualities that enabled that person to realise his potential. A person needs to have:- Openness to experience: he can accurately perceive his own feelings and experiences in the world; Existential living: he lives in the present rather than the past; Organismic trusting: know what is good for one and trust thoughts and feelings as accurate, doing what comes naturally; Experiential freedom: the feeling of freedom when making choices and taking responsibility for personal actions; Creativity: a person will naturally socialise and participate in society through work, social relationships or through the arts or sciences. A principal element of Rogers’ theory is the concept of self, described as being a set of self perceptions and beliefs, including self awareness or image, self esteem and worth, and Ideal self. Human behaviour is driven by people attempting to maintain consistency between their self image and esteem; sometimes this consistency is not achieved and a person’s self image may differ from their actual behaviour and how it is perceived by others. A highly successful and respected person, may see themself as a complete failure: as their actual experience is not consistent with their ideal self, an incongruent condition. People experiencing incongruent feelings, because of conflict with their self image, feel threatened and may block or deny these feelings. It is these defence mechanisms which prevent the self from growing and changing; widening the gap between reality and the self-image until the latter becomes more unrealistic when the â€Å"incongruent person† will start to feel vulnerable, confused and suffer psychological disturbances. A congruent person’s self image is flexible and changes with new experiences, the self image matches the thoughts and actions allowing for the opportunity to self-actualise. A person’s self concept develops through childhood. Rogers believed that  humans developed conditions of worth: the conditions where positive regard would be given. In order to maintain this conditional positive regard a person will suppress or deny actions and feelings which are unacceptable to people who are important, instead of using those thoughts, feelings and perceptions as a guide to behaviour. It is this denial that causes the difference between the organism and the self, the organism being everything a person does, feels and thinks, and the self being the part that is accepted liked and respected by others – positive regard. As people have an inherent need to be loved and accepted and therefore a need for positive self regard, they behave and act in ways that meet approval so in turn think of themselves as good, lovable and worthy. In order to experience positive self regard a person’s behaviour and condition of worth must match; sometimes conditions can force one to behave and act in ways that prevent self actualisation, thus living life by someone else’s standards. This can cause conflict between experience and self concept, leading to the development of psychological disorders. Congruence and self actualisation can only be reached if a person is functioning as a whole organism so conditions of worth need to be substituted with organismic values. Rogers maintains that the human organism has an underlying â€Å"actualising tendency† which drives a person to develop and become independent. When a person is acting under conditional positive regard which prevents realisation of full potential, these conditions need to be removed. The difference between the self and organism then becomes minimal and the person more closely aligned with his natural values: more relaxed and happy with life. PCT aims to provide the right environment to enable the client to grow and develop, and work through any problems by utilising the ability for personal growth. Rogers believed that the therapy should take place in a supportive environment created by a close personal relationship between the client and the therapist. It allows insight into the client’s feelings and behaviour whilst the therapist’s function is to offer warmth and empathy, congruence and unconditional positive regard toward the client, accepting what is said in a non judgmental way. Rogers felt that the most important factor in  successful therapy was the therapist’s attitude. A key element of the PCT is to reflect the client’s feelings without judgement and by doing this the client will relax and express inner feelings. It also lets the client know that the therapist is listening, trying to understand, as well as clarifying what the client is communicating. Clarification arises when the therapist picks out the key points, uses the clients own words to develop an atmosphere of trust, enabling rapport to develop leading the client to feel able to appreciate current feelings and past experiences. Rogers believed that in order to create this environment for growth and change three core conditions need to be provided for a therapeutic relationship to be formed. Empathy. The therapist must try to enter the client’s inner world and understand how the client is feeling through sensitively listening and reflecting back what the client is saying. â€Å"Carl Rogers described empathy as the ability to sense the client’s world as if it were your own without losing the â€Å"as if† quality† (Sanders 2002 p68). Congruence. This involves the therapist being â€Å"real† open to the expressed feelings and being genuine with the client. There should be no air of authority, enabling the client to feel the therapist is being honest and responding as a real person not analysing what is being said and trying to fit it to a therapeutic model. Unconditional positive regard (UPR). The therapist must provide non judgmental warmth and acceptance of the client, regardless of past behaviour, as a worthwhile person free to explore and discuss all thoughts, feelings and behaviour positive and negative without fear of rejection or judgement. The client must not feel the need to earn positive regard; many people seek help because of disturbances caused by unreasonable harsh judgements. It is very important to ensure that experience is not repeated during therapy. If the client feels an evaluation is being undertaken, a false front may be put up or the therapy stopped altogether. It is these three core conditions that form the foundation of the therapeutic relationship. However, Rogers also believed that fundamental to providing the right conditions for change the helper must make psychological contact with the client. â€Å"Client and therapist need to be simultaneously aware of  each other before anything therapeutic can happen† (Sanders, Franklin & Wilkins 2009 p 39.) Psychological contact, the relationship between therapist and client; the client is vulnerable or anxious; and receives empathy, UPR and congruence. All of these conditions are necessary and the core conditions must be used sufficiently for helpful change. These core conditions are believed to enable to the client to grow and develop in his own way to become the desired person. PCT focuses on the client’s own thoughts and feelings, not those of the therapist and provides an environment where the client can explore personal experiences to strengthen self structure which in turn helps to reach actualisation. The two primary goals of PCT are to increase a client’s self esteem and openness to experience. The therapy also helps to bring the clients self image and ideal self closer together and allows the client to have a better self understanding. The client’s levels of defensiveness, guilt and insecurity are lowered resulting in more positive and comfortable relationships with others and an improving ability to experience feelings and emotions when they occur. The results of studies carried out using this approach show that clients maintain stable changes over long periods of time, and that the changes are comparable with changes achieved using other types of therapy. It is a very effective way to treat people suffering from depression or relationship issues but PCT does appear to be less effective than other humanistic therapies where the therapist offers more advice. Rogers originally developed his PCT in a children’s clinic as ‘play therapy’ and his theory has been used to help people suffering from depression, anxiety, alcohol disorders, cognitive dysfunction and personality disorders and has been proved successful when used on an individual basis as well as in group and family therapy. In the later part of his career he worked with people suffering from schizophrenia. Although PCT is popular and does achieve a level of success, a key criticism in this approach is that the core conditions should always be provided by a good therapist before moving onto different theories and strategies to help make the client better. This criticism shows there is a degree of misunderstanding of the real problems of constantly providing UPR, empathy and congruence in the therapeutic setting, as these can clash and cause  conflict. Purely being able to maintain these core conditions requires much work on the part of the therapist, given that everyone has values and beliefs which are hard to suppress and ignore, so it may be more real for the therapist to own their own values and beliefs whilst not judging others. PCT does not require the counsellor to undergo any specific training or self development in any particular way through personal experience, other than to provide the core conditions. Rogers believed it is the relationship between the therapist and the client that brings about the therapeutic change. Further criticism, of therapists demonstrating the core conditions, is that it can lead the client to believe that the therapist is supportive of the situation and viewpoint to such an extent that the client no longer feels the need to change. This is due to the therapist offering no alternatives as there is no position of authority in the PCT to guide the client to make constructive changes. PCT has also been criticised for its lack of structure and insufficient direction to help people in real crisis. Some therapists would argue that this type of approach is not suitable or effective for clients who are inarticulate or poorly educated, whereas other feel that this approach can be applied to anyone. Although this approach is positive is it enough to solely create a good relationship between client and therapist and provide the clients with a safe space to feel valued and supported in order for change to take place? If a client is experiencing real difficulty and is unable to see a way forward and has lost all hope then it is important for the help to come from the therapist. Clients who have experienced this type of therapy often feel that is does not provide the desired solutions they are looking for and have become bored, frustrated and annoyed with the Rogerian style. In summary, although the person-centred approach is clearly a highly effective method of helping and is widely accepted and used by clinical psychologists today, I do not feel that it offers the therapist all that he/she needs to treat clients. I believe that no one therapy can claim an absolute success rate in treating clients, as human beings are inherently different due to differing cultural backgrounds and life experience and  hence each therapist and client relationship will be unique, producing differing results. I feel that one theory that suits everyone is not the approach a good therapist should adopt. Some people may find it easy to talk about their feelings and be able to help themselves in a PCT environment whereas to another this type of approach would be completely bewildering and unproductive. I believe PCT is an effective therapy for treating self esteem and relationship issues however it does not go nearly far enough to help those with deep rooted psychological disorders. A client in crisis may not have the ability to self-help and the nondirective approach can be unhelpful and ineffective when a client is seeking clear guidance from a counsellor. Therefore I believe it is the job of the therapist to determine which theory would help the client best to resolve their issues and be prepared to be flexible in approach. The skill set of a good therapist would have a variety of different strategies and therapeutic approaches to offer the client and although a person-centred approach is a good place to start, the therapist should be prepared to progress to more structured approaches as appropriate.